Essay Instructions: Assignment for Focus Paper: Plato's Metaphysics
Problem: Should we take Plato's Theory of Forms seriously?
Your job is to write a focus paper (6pages max) on the topic of "Platonic Metaphysics." You are to construct an ARGUMENT supporting a THESIS regarding the truth, value or philosophical merit of Plato's theory of forms. You must choose the exact thesis and argue (not present) your position. Your goal is to persuade the reader of the truth of your claim, not simply inform the reader.
Do not be too broad. A sharp, focused argument in favor of a specific claim is best. The claim must also be significant and not trivial. The essay should demonstrate familiarity with class readings. Outside sources are not required but may STRENGTHEN the essay. However, this is NOT A RESEARCH PAPER--it is a persusive/argumentative essay. Citations (required) to ancient texts need to be to the Stephanus page.
Other references need to follow MLA style.
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I'm not sure if any of this will help, use whatever you'd like, as you please. If it's confusing, just use what you can. I just wanted to send some things from the professors website, in terms of lecture key terms,notes,whatever.
My tutor said the key is to form the argument, make a claim and back it up.
And that the topic is simply 2 parts basically, 1)Good grasp on the Theory of Forms and 2) Argue PRO or ANTI the theory of forms.
Notes from the professor are to be concise.
The texts we covered this semester thus far have been the Apology, Crito, Euthyphro,Meno,Phaedo,Republic,Symposium.
I think the bulk of this paper is really out of the Phaedo and the Republic.
Notes from the class that i have regarding Plato's Metaphysics and Form are:
-Universals
-Particulars
-Allegory of the sun/the cave
-Philosophers mind connects universals and particulars
-You understand the Particular because you understand that it connects with the Form of the Universal
-You understand the soul, you understand the truth
-You understand the particulars, you understand the universals
-Truth-->soul
-Universal-->particulars
-Sun-->earth
-The good, the Truth, Understanding the form--gives knowledge
-The sun illuminates the things of the world to gain knowledge
-knowledge is neautral
-the sun allows us to see what is knowing
These are my professors notes he posted online after the lecture on the Phaedo:
PHAEDO
QUESTION: Should we fear death? or Is soul immortal?
Philosophy as preparation for death
Pythagorean influence (& friends)
Soul-tomb (sôma-sêma)
Body hinders understanding
Philosophy purifies soul of bodily attachments
Philosopher looks forward to death
-for then he will have understanding (pure soul)
OBJECTION: Fear of non-survival of soul
4 Arguments for survival of soul
(1) Cycles of opposites
(2) Recollection by similarity and difference
(3) Soul akin to forms
Counter examples
(a) Harmony theory
(b) Worn out cloak analogy
Final argument:
(4) Soul as Form or essence of life
Myth of the Afterlife
Death of Socrates
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OUTLINE OF PHAEDO
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1. INTRODUCTORY CONVERSATION [57A-59C]
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2. SOCRATES AS POET; THE WICKEDNESS OF SUICIDE [59C-62C]
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3. PHILOSOPHER'S READINESS TO DIE; PHILOSOPHY AS PRACTICE FOR DEATH [62C-64C]
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4. PHILOSOPHER'S DETACHMENT FROM THE BODY [64C-67B]
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5. MORAL VIRTUE, GENUINE AND SPURIOUS [67B-69E]
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6. 1ST ARGUMENT FOR IMMORTALITY - CYCLES OF OPPOSITES [69E-72D]
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7. 2ND ARGUMENT FOR IMMORTALITY OF SOUL: THEORY OF RECOLLECTION [72E-77A]
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8. COMBINED RESULTS OF FIRST TWO ARGUMENTS; SOCRATES AS CHARMER [77A-78B]
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9. 3RD ARGUMENT FOR IMMORTALITY OF SOUL: KINSHIP OF SOULS AND FORMS [78B-80C]
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10. AFTER-LIFE OF UNPURIFIED SOULS [80C-82D]
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11. PHILOSOPHERS'S PROGRESS; SWAN-SONG AS SONG OF JOY [82D-85B]
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12. DOUBTS OF SIMMIAS & CEBES [85B-88B]
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13. INTERLUDE; WARNING AGAINST MISOLOGY
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14. REFUTATION OF SIMMIAS [91C-95A]
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15. SOCRATES AS STUDENT OF NATURAL SCIENCE [95A-99D]
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16. NEW METHOD OF HYPOTHESIS [99D-102A]
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17. 4TH ARGUMENT FOR THE IMMORTALITY OF SOUL: EXCLUSION OF OPPOSITES [102A-105B]
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18. ARGUMENT IS CONCLUDED: SOUL IS DEATHLESS AND INDESTRUCABLE]
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19. MYTH OF THE AFTER-LIFE [107C-110B]
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20. SPLENDOUR OF THE TRUE EARTH; RIVERS OF THE UNDERWORLD [110B-112E]
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21. MYTH CONCLUDED; ITS TRUTH AND VALUE
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22. THE LAST SCENE - THE DEATH OF SOCRATES [115B-118]
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As for The Republic--my professor focused on
things like the divided line, the visible vs invisible world
He also put up key ideas in texts or lectures which are:
Focus on Plato (review)
- Plato vs. Socrates (The Socratic Problem)
- Socrates' mission and defense [Apology]
- Social Contract argument [Crito]
- Socratic method - using examples from Meno & Euthyphro (dialectic, aporia, elenchos, myth, analogy)
- Theory of Forms and the modern problem of universals (ontological realism, nominalism, conceptualism)
- Theory of Recollection [Meno, Phaedo, Phaedrus]
- Socratic Doctrines: Virtue is Knowledge, No one pursues evil knowingly, know thyself, not life but good life.
- Psychological dualism & Tripartite theory of soul [Phaedo & Phaedrus]
- Four arguments for immortality of soul [Phaedo]
- Meaning of the myths & analogies (Cave, Charioteer, divided line)
- Plato's epistemology (forms, recollection, knowledge vs belief, & divided line)
- Platonic dualism and the ethical function of philosophy [Phaedo, Phaedrus]
- Plato's conception of love [Phaedrus]
-------------------------------------------------------------REVIEW: (Key Ideas in texts or lecture)
Socrates
The Socratic Problem
Socrates Mission and Trial
Apollo & the Daimôn
Socratic wisdom
Suicide and Social Contract theory
Socratic Method (dialectic, elenchos)
Socratic Ethics
Good
Source of Virtues
Unity of Virtues
Nature of sin/error
Plato as author (dialogues, aporetic dialogues, use of myth, hypothesis, purpose of dialogic form)
Plato's Epistemology
Dialectic
Ignorance - Opinion - Knowledge
Sense-perception
Forms & Particulars
Recollection
Plato's Metaphysics
Theory of Forms
Priority of Form of Good
Accessibility of Form of Beauty
Intelligble realm
Sensible realm
form/idea
X-ness
X-in-itself
universal
particular
participation
Ontological realism - conceptualism -. nominalism
Soul & Body
Sensory & Intelligible Realm
Plato's Psychology
Tripartite soul
Proofs of immortality of soul
Reincarnation
Recollection
Harmony theory of soul (refutation)
Fall & Ascent
Afterlife
Judgement and Reward
Platonic Ethics
Training for death
Purification
Body vs. soul
Virtue and knowledge
Forms
Platonic Love
Death
QUESTIONS
What is justice?
What is piety?
Is Socrates Guilty of charges?
Is virtue teachable?
What is virtue?
True opinion vs. Knowledge?
Does the Soul survive death?
ANALOGIES & EXAMPLES
Gadfly
Torpedo fish
Slave boy example
Statues of Daedalus
soma-sêma (body-tomb)
The Divided Line
The Allegory of the Cave
The Ship of State
The Sun