Essay Instructions: I would like to use the writer that completed Order ID 2132857 if possible.
Write a paper (1600 words) in which you analyze and appraise each of the (15) articles identified in Topic 1. Pay particular attention to evidence that supports the problem, issue, or deficit, and your proposed solution.
Hint: The Topic 2 readings provide appraisal questions that will assist you to efficiently and effectively analyze each article.
Refer to "Sample Format for Review of Literature," "RefWorks," and "Topic 2: Checklist."
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
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Cummings, G.G., Midodzi, W., Wong, C. A.,&Estabrooks. C. A. (2010). The contribution of hospital nursing leadership styles to 30-day patient mortality.Nursing Research 59(5), 331?39.
Relationship to problem: The study was on target; it examined the contribution of nursing leadership styles in hospitals to 30-day mortality of medical patients.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: After controlling for patient demographics, co-morbidities and institutional and hospital nursing characteristics, high-resonant nursing leadership contributed to lower patient mortality rates at statistically significant levels.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: The high-resonant leadership styles (leaders with strong emotional intelligence that is characterized by relational qualities) were significantly associated with 26% lower odds of mortality when compared with the mixed leadership group.
Support for proposed change: The study results point to positive and negative contributions of hospital nursing leadership styles to patient mortality.
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Cummings, G.G., Lee, H.P., MacGregor, T., M. Davey, M., Wong, C., Paul , L., &Stafford, E. (2008). Factors Contributing to Nursing Leadership: A Systematic Review.Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 13(4): 240?48.
Relationship to problem: This study focuses on the impact that leadership development has on practicing nurses and nursing environments.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: The outcomes of various leadership styles that were relational or transformational achieved more positive outcomes for practicing nurses and their work environments than did task-focused leadership styles.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: Outcomes for practicing nurses were measured in terms of absenteeism, emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, job tension, organizational commitment, and turnover. Outcomes for the work environment were better organizational climate, better nurse?physician teamwork, better work team climates, greater empowerment, innovation, and, research utilization.
Support for proposed change: In the leadership development studies (n=9), most interventions were reported to be effective for at least three to six months.
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Wong, C. & Cummings, G. G. (2007). The relationship between nursing leadership and patient outcomes: A systematic review.Journal of Nursing Management 15, 508?521.
Relationship to problem: The study was a review of the literature focused on examining the relationship between patient outcomes and leadership styles.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: The number of studies was small (n=7).
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: The findings showed that transformational or relational leadership styles were associated with better patient outcomes as measured by reduced adverse events, reduced complications, less mortality, and increased patient satisfaction.
Support for proposed change: The findings were significant, which suggests that more research is needed to continue investigating the mechanisms by which leadership can influence patient outcomes.
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Brady Germain, P. & Cummings, G. G. (2010, May).The influence of nursing leadership on nurse performance: a systematic literature review. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(4), 425-39.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01100.x.
Relationship to problem: The aim of this study was to explore leadership factors that influence the role that nursing leadership behaviors play in the perceptions nurses have of their performance motivation.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: Nurses tend to perceive that the factors that affect their ability and motivation to perform fall into five categories according to content analysis: these categories are autonomy, leadership practices, leadership practices, resource accessibility, and work relationships,
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: Nurse motivation was influenced directly by the behaviors of nurse leaders and indirectly by way of other factors. The factors that appear to influence nurse performance were shown to be access to resources, nurse autonomy, and collegial relationships among nurses, colleagues, and leaders.
Support for proposed change: The study supports the relationship of nurse performance, nursing leadership, and nurse performance, which is fundamental to quality patient care outcomes. Nurse leaders who understand which factors are most influential with respect to nurse practitioner performance and motivation can use that knowledge to improve nursing performance.
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Sherman, R. &Pross, E., (2010, January 31).Growing future nurse leaders to build and sustain healthy work environments at the unit level. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 15 (1), Manuscript 1. DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol15No01Man01
Relationship to problem: The article is a review of the literature on the significant role that nurse leaders take in building and sustaining healthy work environments in healthcare organizations.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: A competency model, Nurse Manager Leadership Collaborative Learning Domain Framework, is recommended as nursing leadership a useful resource in the development of nursing leaders at the unit level.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: A program for developing nursing leaders is implemented over the long term, and it requires the ability to identify the abilities, knowledge, and skills needed for effective leadership in the future.
Support for proposed change: The nursing literature provides evidence that healthy work environments positively influence improved patient outcomes, organizational performance, and staff satisfaction. The establishment of a healthy work environment requires strong nursing leadership at all levels of the organization, but especially at the point of care or unit level where most front line staff work and patient care is delivered.
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McNeese-Smith, D. K. (1999).The relationship between managerial motivation, leadership, nurse outcomes and patient satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(2), 243-259.DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199903)20:2<243::AID-JOB888>3.0.CO;2-2
Relationship to problem: This ex-post facto/correlational study examines the relationships among the following variables: nurse manager motivation for power, achievement and affiliation (N=19), managerial leadership behaviors, staff nurse outcomes of job satisfaction, productivity and organizational commitment (N=221), and patient satisfaction (N=299).
Statistical demonstrating gravity: The achievement motivation of nursing leaders is positively correlated with leadership behaviors and, importantly, with nurse job satisfaction, nurse productivity, and nurses? organizational commitment. The findings show that managerial motivation for power is negatively correlated with leadership behaviors and staff nurse job satisfaction.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, and occurrence in general population: Achievement motivation of nursing leaders and managerial motivation for power are both positively correlated with patient satisfaction.
Support for proposed change: It shows that power and achievement motivation of nursing leaders influence staff outcomes and patient outcomes.
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Luzinski, C. (2011, December). Transformational leadership. Journal of Nursing Administration, 41(12), 501-502.doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e3182378a71
Relationship to problem: The article asserts that the results of quality nurse leadership are evident in nursing practice at the patient?s side, firmly aligning the article to the topic.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: Nursing leaders, at all levels of the organization, convey a strong sense of advocacy and support for the staff and for the patient.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: Knowledgeable, strong, risk-taking nurse leaders follow a well-articulated, strategic, and visionary philosophy in the day-to-day operations of nursing services that results in improved patient outcomes.
Support for proposed change: Nurse leaders demonstrate transformational leadership that leads to meaningful improvements in the nursing practice environment and in quality, safety, and outcomes of patient care. Transformational nurse leaders also implement controlled destabilization in order to produce new ideas, innovation, get ahead of the rapid change in evolving healthcare systems, and ensure the most positive patient outcomes.
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Rowen, L. & Doyle, K. (2003, March 5). A comparison of leadership development interventions: effects on nurse and patient outcomes. Paper presented at the University of Maryland Medical Center.
Relationship to problem: This research study examined the indirect mechanisms by which leadership is related to outcomes. The hypothesis is that leadership influences work context and nurse behavior, while nurse performance promotes positive patient outcomes.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: Learning from this study can inform future research design on the topic. Specifically, the researchers suggest a limitation may be that the nurse sensitive outcomes are too insensitive to change to be attributed to transformational leadership interventions within a hospital. Nurse satisfaction and patient satisfaction (continuous outcome data) were analyzed using linear mixed models (LMM). CLABSI, pressure ulcer, and fall rates (count data) were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). Significance p <.05
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: Future research must ensure that the outcome measures for intervention effectiveness elucidate the mechanisms by which interventions work.
Support for proposed change: No measureable change in aggregated nurse satisfaction or patient outcome measures were detected in this study, however, the researchers concluded that the specified magnet designation were possibly not be a good measure of transformational leadership intervention.
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Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Bryneel, L., Van den Heede, K., Griffiths, Pl, Busse, R., Diomidous, M., Kinnunen, J., K?zka, M., Lesaffre, E., McHugh, M. D., Moreno-Casbas, M. T., Rafferty, A. M., Schwendimann, R., Scott, P. N., Tisehelman, C., van Achterberg, T.and Sermeus, W. (2014, May 24). Nurse staffing and education and hospital mortality in nine European countries: a retrospective observational study. The Lancet, 383(9931). 1824 ? 1830. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62631-8
Relationship to problem: The study was designed to assess whether differences in patient to nurse ratios and nurses' educational qualifications in countries with similar patient discharge data were associated with variation in hospital mortality after common surgical procedures.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: Surveys of 26 516 nurses measured nurse staffing and nurse education. Estimated equations applied to the effects of nursing factors on the likelihood of surgical patients dying within 30 days of admission.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: An increase in a nurses' workload by one patient increased the likelihood of an inpatient dying within 30 days of admission by 7% (odds ratio 1?068, 95% CI 1?031?1?106), and every 10% increase in bachelor's degree nurses was associated with a decrease in this likelihood by 7% (0?929, 0?886?0?973). The study suggests that in hospitals in which 60% of nurses had bachelor's degrees and nurses cared for an average of six patients would have almost 30% lower mortality than patients in hospitals in which only 30% of nurses had bachelor's degrees and nurses cared for an average of eight patients.
Support for proposed change: Nursing leadership needs to acknowledge that nurse staffing cuts to save money are likely to adversely affect patient outcomes. Nurses in a hospital with bachelor's degrees could reduce preventable hospital deaths.
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Spence Laschinger, H. K. &Leiter, M. P. (2006). The impact of nursing work environments on patient safety outcomes: The mediating role of burnout/engagement. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 36(5), 259-267.
Relationship to problem: The study sought to test a theoretical model of professional nurse work environments that linked to nursing practice burnout and, subsequently, to patient safety outcomes.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: Hospital-based nurses in Canada (N = 8,597) completed measures of worklife (Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index), burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Scale), and their report of frequency of adverse patient events.Hospital-based nurses in Canada (N = 8,597) completed measures of worklife (Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index), burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Ser- vice Scale), and their report of frequency of adverse patient events.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: Nursing leadership played a fundamental role in the quality of work life. Staffing adequacy directly affected emotional exhaustion and patient safety.
Support for proposed change: The results suggest that patient safety outcomes are related to the quality of the nursing practice work environment and nursing leadership?s role in changing the work environment to decrease nurse burnout.
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Gunnarsdottira, S., Clarkeb, S. P., Raffertyd, A. M., Nutbeame, D. (2009, July).Front-line management, staffing and nurse?doctor relationships as predictors of nurse and patient outcomes. A survey of Icelandic hospital nurses. Nursing Workforce: A Special Issue:International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(7), 920?927.
Relationship to problem: To investigate aspects of nurses? work environments linked with job outcomes and assessments of quality of care in an Icelandic hospital.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: Hospitals with high staff retention show supportive management, professional autonomy, good inter-professional relations and nurse job satisfaction, reduced nurse burnout, and improved quality of patient care.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: Efforts to improve and maintain nurses? relations with nurse managers and doctors, as well as their perceptions of staffing adequacy, will likely improve nurse job satisfaction and employee retention, and may improve the quality of patient care.
Support for proposed change: Efforts to improve and maintain nurses? relations with nurse managers and doctors, as well as their perceptions of staffing adequacy, will likely improve nurse job satisfaction and employee retention, and may improve the quality of patient care.
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Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Lake, E. T., and Cheney, T. (2008, May). Effects of hospital care environment on patient mortality and nurse outcomes. Journal of Nursing Administration, 38(5): 223?229.doi: 10.1097/01.NNA.3.42352.d7. PMCID: PMC2586978. NIHMSID: NIHMS74339
Relationship to problem: The objective of this study was to analyze the net effects of nurse practice environments on nurse and patient outcomes after accounting for nurse staffing and education.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: Data from 10,184 nurses and 232,342 surgical patients in 168 Pennsylvania hospitals were analyzed. Outcomes included nurse job satisfaction, burnout, intent to leave, and reports of quality of care, mortality, and failure to rescue in patients.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: Care environment elements must be optimized alongside nurse staffing and education to achieve high quality of care.
Support for proposed change: Nurses reported more positive job experiences and fewer concerns with care quality, and patients had significantly lower risks of death and failure to rescue in hospitals with better care environments. The presumption is that nursing environments are highly influenced by leadership.
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Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J. A., Busse, R., Clarke, H., Giovannetti, P., Hunt, J., Rafferty, A. M., and Shamian, J. (2001, May). Nurses? reports on hospital care in five countries. Health Affairs, 20(3), 43-53.doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.20.3.43
Relationship to problem: This study explored the current nursing shortage, reports of high hospital nurse job dissatisfaction, and reports of uneven quality of hospital care in five different countries.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: Data was gathered from reports from 43,000 nurses from more than 700 hospitals in the United States, Canada, England, Scotland, and Germany during the period from 1998 to 1999.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, occurrence in general population: Nurses in countries with distinctly different health care systems report similar shortcomings in their work environments and the quality of hospital care.
Support for proposed change:
The study indicates that nurse and physician competence is satisfactory, but core problems in work design and workforce management pose real threats topatient care. These concerns are amenable to managerial intervention, a factor that demonstrates the pivotal importance of nursing leadership to ensuring patient safety and care of consistently high quality.
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Cummings, G.G., MacGregor, T., Davey, M., Lee, H. P., Wong, C., Lo, E., Muise, M., &Stafford, E. (2010).Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environments: A systematic review." International Journal of Nursing Studies 47, 363?85.
Relationship to problem: The study showed that relational leadership led to greater productivity, effectiveness, and extra effort when compared to task-focused leadership styles.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: The study was a systematic review, which means that the statistics are pertinent only to the research study to which they are associated.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, and occurrence in general population: The study was a systematic review, which means that the statistics are pertinent only to the research study to which they are associated.
Support for proposed change: The study indicated that the nursing workforce can achieve better outcomes for patients by promoting relational leadership styles.
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Wong, C. A. & Cummings, G. G. (2007), The relationship between nursing leadership and patient outcomes: a systematic review. Journal of Nursing Management, 15, 508?521.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2007.00723.x
Relationship to problem: The article was completely on topic, and the findings indicate that transformational nursing leadership is an important organizational strategy to improve patient outcomes.
Statistical demonstrating gravity: This article was a systematic review, which is not the same as a meta-analysis; consequently statistics were germane only to the studies being reviewed.
Morbidity, mortality, incidence, and occurrence in general population: Data extraction and methodological quality assessment were completed only for a few of the quantitative research articles.
Support for proposed change: Evidence of significant associations between positive leadership behaviors, styles or practices and increased patient satisfaction and reduced adverse events were found. The study was inconclusive with regard to patient mortality.
