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Patents Essays and Research Papers

Instructions for Patents College Essay Examples

Title: ethics in patents in amazon one click

Total Pages: 3 Words: 810 Sources: 0 Citation Style: APA Document Type: Essay

Essay Instructions: I want your analysis of the issues, not a report of what others think or have said. This is not a research paper.
Show me that you understand the issues surrounding intellectual property, the ethical theories that you discuss, and
how to apply ethical theories to the topic. Class lectures and discussion will also be essential.

The Johnson’s Chapter 5 explains the difference between copyrights and patents ??" be sure to address patents.
Johnson’s Chapter 2 describes the various moral theories you will write about.
You will find on reserve: Richard A. Spinello’s Cyber Ethics: Morality and Law in Cyberspace, third edition, pages
131 to133. Published by Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. Copyright 2006. It discusses Amazon’s 1-click
shopping method.

Do not consult any sources other than these readings, and the quote from Wikipedia, below.
You do not need to quote the readings ??" but if you do, you must cite your source properly.

Wikepedia also describes the method:
1-Click, also called one-click or one-click buying, refers to the technique of allowing customers to make
online purchases with a single click, with the payment information needed to complete the purchase already
entered by the user previously. More particularly, it allows an online shopper using an internet marketplace
to purchase an item without having to use shopping cart software. Instead of manually inputting billing and
shipping information for a purchase, a user can use one-click buying to use a predefined address and credit
card number to purchase one or more items. [ Quoted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Click ]
By storing a cookie that identifies you on your computer, the transaction can be performed with just one mouse click.
The cookie is matched to name, shipping address and billing information, stored on Amazon’s server, from your
previous purchases. In this way, you don’t need to re-entered this information during subsequent purchases. ??" GJK

NOTE: The phrase ‘natural rights’ is used in this assignment, and is used in Johnson’s Chapters 2 and 5.
Several ethical theories can be used to support a concept of natural rights.
Appeal to whichever makes most sense in the context of your answer.
By sure to say whether you are adopting a Kantian or a Social contract perspective, and if the latter,
whether you use Locke’s or Rawls’ version.

Section 1: What reasons could a rule utilitarian cite for allowing the government to grant legal patent
protection to Amazon.com for it’s 1-Click checkout method? (Such a patent would forbid any
other company from using software with the same 1-Click checkout functionality, unless they pay
Amazon a royalty, even if it is developed without copying Amazon’s program code.)

Section 2: What reasons could a rule utilitarian cite for claiming that this patent should not be granted?

Section 3: What reasons could a natural rights theorist cite for allowing the government to grant legal
patent protection to Amazon.com for it’s 1-Click checkout method?

Section 4: What reasons could a natural rights theorist cite for claiming that this patent should not be
granted?
There are faxes for this order.

Excerpt From Essay:

Title: Patents

Total Pages: 3 Words: 1021 References: 3 Citation Style: MLA Document Type: Research Paper

Essay Instructions: First this Article needs to be read. At the end of the article the questions for the essay should be addressed.

Article:

In fall 2001, following the deadly attacks on the World Trade Center, the United States experienced the first cases of anthrax it had seen since 1978. The sources of the anthrax spores were letter sent to the American Media, INC., building in Florida, Tom Brokaw of NBC news, Dan Rather of CBS News, and Senators Edward Kennedy, Tom Daschle, and Patrick Leahy in the U.S Senate. In addition to a series of deaths and cutaneous infections, hundreds of employees at these organizations tested positive for exposure to the anthrax spores.
As a result of these exposures, the most effective antibiotic for treating anthrax, Cipro, was in high demand. Bayer A.G., a German company, owns the patent for this antibiotic and a significant ramp-up in production was needed to meet the increasing demand for those who had been exposed to anthrax. Bayer A.G.’s United States unit went into 24-hour shifts following the anthrax breakouts. Mr. Brokaw held up a bottle of Cipro on his program, “NBC Nightly News,” and calmed a jittery public by saying, “In Cipro we trust.” Workers at one of Bayer’s U.S. plants cheered with the coverage.
However, executives at headquarters for the company remained silent for weeks about the company’s ability to manufacture sufficient amounts of the patented antibiotic. Executives indicated that the company was concerned that if it appeared in the media it would see to be taking advantage of the dire circumstances. Bayer’s history made it wary of any involvement in international battles. Bayer A.G. had to pay reparations following World War II, and its patent for its world-famous aspirin, Bayer, was stripped from it and awarded to a U.S. company. It was not until 2000 that Bayer was once again permitted to use its name. The company’s low profile during the anthrax scares was deliberate and explained by executives as a desire to avoid appearing “exploitive of the problem” of the infections and illness.
Frustrated with the lack of communication from Bayer, Canada suspended Bayer’s patent in Canada and ordered other drug manufacturers to begin production of their pending generic formulas for Cipro. Other drug companies do have their own formulas developed and ready to go but could not produce these generics as long as Bayer held its patent protection. One company, Apotex, indicated its production method would not infringe on Bayer’s patent, but Bayer threatened litigation and indicated it would deliver all the Cipro needed and/or ordered by both the U.S. and Canadian governments. Health officials were skeptical and one stated, “There’s no way you can tell me getting it from six companies is going to be slower than getting it from one company.”
Professor John W. Dienhart, a business ethics professor at Seattle University, stated that Bayer should be a “good corporate citizen.” He added, “This is not a breaking a patent but adjusting a patent to meet a particular need.”
The U.S. Congress was considering suspension of the Cipro patent in the United States in order to increase production even more. The legislation would permit judges to suspend patents on the basis of public health issues.
In response to some panic in the United States, pharmacies in Mexico, permitted to sell Cipro without a doctor’s prescription, as required in the United States, were ordering large amounts of Cipro, increasing their prices, and doing a great deal of profitable business from U.S. orders. For example, the Zipp Pharmacy, located in Ciudad Juarez, a border town, says its order for Cipro increased 15 times what they were before the 2001 anthrax infections. A nurse buying doses of Cipro for her entire family said, “What if there are mad runs on it? It’s nice to have it around just incase.”
Physicians at the Center for Diseas (CDC) were concerned about the Mexico purchases and use of the drug without physician prescription. They note the following problems: (1) Some people are allergic to Cipro and can become quite ill with just one dose; (2) Cipro has side effects for almost everyone including nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite; (3) Cipro does have an effect on the brain including possible seizures and hallucinations or simple mood changes and insomnia; and (4) Cipro damages cartilage in the joints, especially when taken by children, and should be given to children only when there is the absolute need (i.e., presence of an ongoing infection). The CDC has advised use of Cipro only upon determination of exposure or infection from anthrax
Bayer continued to struggle with its position, promises, and public perception as the anthrax infections increased. Bayer corporate policy is as follows:
“We offer our customers a wide variety of products and services in areas ranging from health care and agriculture to plastics and specialty chemicals. Bayer is research-based and is aiming for technological leadership in its core activities.
Our goals are to steadily increase corporate value and generate a high value added for the benefit of our stockholders, our employees and the community in every country in which we operate. We believe that our technical and commercial expertise involves responsibility to work for the common good and contribute to sustainable development.”
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Assume the facts in the problem are true...

What decisions do you think Bayer should make in this situation? Should it suspend its patent voluntarily? What recommendations should it make on taking Cipro? Should it back the warning from the CDC? Is it wrong for Bayer to profit from this public health problem? Develop a memo that offers ethical guidelines for a Bayer executive

Please address ALL OF THESE POINTS IN THE ESSAY

Excerpt From Essay:

Title: PATENT RESEARCH AND DESIGN

Total Pages: 12 Words: 3706 Works Cited: 0 Citation Style: APA Document Type: Essay

Essay Instructions: Open to all writers!!

PATENT RESEARCH AND DESIGN

If you start looking at products at work and home more closely, you will often see the designation "US Patent" followed by a number, or "Patent Pending" located on that item. The purpose of the "US Patent" listing is clearly to provide notice to the public and potential inventors that that item has been patented and has the protection of the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). "Patent Pending," on the other hand, provides no legal protection, but it is a disincentive to inventors to pursue a patent on something that is already in the review process with the USPTO, (particularly if a well-known company is producing the product.)

You are going to go to your local store and purchase three different garbage bags each with a different patent number from preferably three different companies (two different companies are acceptable, but three are recommended). It does not matter what type of trash bag you purchase, but the outside of the box MUST have at least one U.S. patent number.

Here are the patent numbers for the bags I’ve chosen:

Force Flex Drawstring Quick Tie

a. Trash Bag 1 - Glad Force Flex (stretchable strength) – Patent # 5,205,650
b. Trash Bag 2 - Glad Tall Kitchen (drawstring) – Patent # 5,006,380
c. Trash Bag 3 - Glad Quick-Tie = Patent # 5,246,110

Review the three products above (see attachments). Write a paper that includes a brief overview of each patent, and how each product patent is distinguishable from the other 2 items. Then, taking the position of an inventor, indicate how you could improve on the design of ONE OF THESE PATENTS that you believe WILL NOT INFRINGE WITH ANY OTHER EXISTING PATENTS on this type of product. You must also explain why the changes and improvements you are making are important.

I. Introduction
II. Patent Overview
a. Trash bag 1 patent(s) overview
b. Trash bag 2 patent(s) overview
c. Trash bag 3 patent(s) overview
III. Distinguish and Differentiate the Patents Between the Three Items (i.e., What Makes the Products Unique)
IV. Patent Improvement

The improvement I thought of will be an absorbent strip in the bottom of each trash bag much like what is seen in baby diapers. This absorbent strip will absorb liquids that gather in the bottom of the bag and stop it from leaking out.

a. Details of the Improvement
b. Why the Improvement is Important
c. How the Improvement Meets Lanham Act Patentability Requirements (novelty, obviousness, etc.)
V. Sketches of your Design. I’ve already sketched the design (see below)

Excerpt From Essay:

Title: Patents

Total Pages: 7 Words: 1811 Bibliography: 0 Citation Style: MLA Document Type: Research Paper

Essay Instructions: I understand the basics of what a patent is and need research on utility patents submitted by employees employed by a company. The application process needs to be described and reseached as if the company and employee have easy access to a company employed patent lawyer or firm. The research must also cover what constitutes infringement and the possible penalties or fines for infringement of utility patents.

What can be patented
? Research of patentable items with emphasis on utility patents
? Utility patents described
o Time
o Items covered by utility patents
? Utility requirement set forth by U.S. Gov?t (Title 35 U.S.C Section 101)
o What is meant by this requirement?
? Utility specification set forth by the U.S. Gov?t (Title 34 U.S.C Section 112)
o What is meant by this requirement?
Employer/Employee Patent Contracts
? General description of an employer/employee contract
? Basic understanding of who owns the patent
o Company provides research, during work hours, use of company machinery, and computers, company develops employee and give him knowledge that he may not have gained outside the company
? How does the company benefit from a patent
? How may and employee benefit from a patent
o Compensation based on company policy if any
? What type of patents fall outside of a standard employee patent agreement (personal patents w/o use or knowledge of company materials)?
Application process
? Description of application process steps for an employed person (may be similar to an independent inventor, but employee has unlimited funds and easy access to a company hired patent lawyer or firm)
? Research key importance that an application needs to be filed before the product displayed or shown to someone outside the company. This area must be research since products may at times be seen by the public due to time constraints, however if one overlooks the application process one may not be able to patent an item once it has been seen)
? Research key importance that an an item must be unique (may fall under what can be patented section) and one must establish claims that are specific to an invention.
Infringement of Patents
? What constitutes infringement (items necessary for infringement lawsuit)
? Penalties for infringing on a patent
? Fees that must be paid to original patent person
? Areas to consider for non-infringement
? Reverse engineering and how to succesfully avoid infringement
? Common pitfalls and how to avoid
? Ways around non-infringement
o Either through different design methods or different materials not stated in the claims
Closing research on
? Importance of patents
? How they aid future patent developers
? Importance of utility patents to companies
? How they may benefit employees

*Please e-mail as MS Word Attachement

Excerpt From Essay:

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