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Instructions for Nuclear War College Essay Examples

Title: Response

Total Pages: 2 Words: 477 Bibliography: 0 Citation Style: APA Document Type: Essay

Essay Instructions: Explain the development of the Cold War in light of events between 1945 and 1949
Then have someone then respond to your explanation.


1.
In the years since 1945, there has been a great amount of crisis and conflict (WT 49-06:10). There was a terrible shortage of housing for any returning veterans, but thanks to a man by the name of Levett, homes were mass produced (BoA 23). On April first, 1944, just before the Cold war, the invasion of Okinawa began; U. S. troops used flamethrowers with 300 gallons of napalm (BoA 23). In the time of the Vietnam war, North Vietnam held the communist government and South Vietnam held a non-communist government; The U.S. has been sending Vietnam money since the 1940's, one of the leading conflicts in the cold war (BoA 24-12:46).
The United States and USSR have been at ends for years, and Poland stood in the midst of this strife (Boyer, 798.) Two superpowers clashed with very economic and political differences that have arisin between the years 1945 and 1949. As recently as twenty years ago, the Cold War still held affect for a great deal of the world. "The balance of terror escalated" during these times, and so did the "nuclear-generated environmental and health problems," (Boyer, 806). The things that have been created and effected during the Cold War (such as the Atomic and Hydrogen boms) have had a lasting effect on a global scale. If nuclear war broke out today, the world, could indeed, see its end.


2.
(Boyer pg.779) As the Allied forces sought wartime strategies American and British forces agreed to a second front in the Mediterranean, Stalin pushed for an invasion into western Europe to relieve pressure on the Russians ,as a result the Russians were left alone to face two-thirds of the Nazi force and suffered mass casualties .Stalin renewed his plea for a second front only to be denied again as Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to a British plan to invade Sicily the summer of 1943, this type of posturing along with the massive losses of soviet forces led to distrust when all sides arrived at the Yalta conference of 1945 to discuss postwar arrangements.


3.
In the years since 1945, there has been a great amount of crisis and conflict (WT 49-06:10). There was a terrible shortage of housing for any returning veterans, but thanks to a man by the name of Levett, homes were mass produced (BoA 23). On April first, 1944, just before the Cold war, the invasion of Okinawa began; U. S. troops used flamethrowers with 300 gallons of napalm (BoA 23). In the time of the Vietnam war, North Vietnam held the communist government and South Vietnam held a non-communist government; The U.S. has been sending Vietnam money since the 1940's, one of the leading conflicts in the cold war (BoA 24-12:46).
The United States and USSR have been at ends for years, and Poland stood in the midst of this strife (Boyer, 798.) Two superpowers clashed with very economic and political differences that have arisin between the years 1945 and 1949. As recently as twenty years ago, the Cold War still held affect for a great deal of the world. "The balance of terror escalated" during these times, and so did the "nuclear-generated environmental and health problems," (Boyer, 806). The things that have been created and effected during the Cold War (such as the Atomic and Hydrogen boms) have had a lasting effect on a global scale. If nuclear war broke out today, the world, could indeed, see its end.


4.
Between 1945 and 1949 the development of the cold war took place throughout a series of events. In 1940 the United States had no military alliances, a small defense budget, and a limited troops. By 1960, it had built a massive military establishment, signed mutual-defense pacts with forty countries, directly intervened in the affairs of allies and enemies alike, erected military bases on every continent, and engaged the USSR in a seemingly unending nuclear-arms race (Boyer 798). The cold war was described as "Neither peace, nor war", and the year 1945 was marked as the end of a period and also of the way of life by UCLA's Eugen Weber (TWT 49). The war had shown that the seats of power now lay outside Europe; they lay with Europe?s two great offspring, the Soviet Union and the United States. These came with a new rivalry, to create all the 159 United Nations (TWT 49). In 1947 Congress passed the National Security Act to unify the armed forces under a single Department of Defense. This created the NSC, national Security Council, and the CIA, central intelligence agency. Later that year the Marshall Plan was in effect, aimed to combat the hunger, poverty, desperation (Boyer, 801). In 1949 the U.S. officially joined NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which marked the formal end of America?s long tradition of avoiding entangling alliances abroad (Boyer, 805).

Excerpt From Essay:

Title: 1950s advertisment

Total Pages: 5 Words: 1646 Sources: 2 Citation Style: MLA Document Type: Research Paper

Essay Instructions: WE WILL PAY $100 for this one!!

assignment is to choose different topics covering the 1950's period such as marriage, nuclear bombs, consumerism.. and show how the atricles reflect that time period. I need to know which articles are being discussed because i need to print them out and bring them into class. please specify which articles are being used. They can be found in the Panther FIU library online database- (all the information is provided below)The sources are based off these articles and the Foner book that he is speaking about is the text book I use in class which cover the basic information of that time period.
Below are the instructions:
I will also e mail the instructions but this should cover it all.
If there are any questions please call: 786 201 3275

Your second writing assignment requires you to examine advertisements that appeared in the New York Times in the 1950s. You will:
1.Examine one week’s worth advertisements from the Times;
2.Select two or three advertisements that reflect some theme about the postwar United States discussed in either Elaine Tyler May’s Homeward Bound or Eric Foner’s Give Me Liberty! (chapter 24);
3.Write an essay (1300-1500 words) that not only describes the advertisements you selected, but analyzes how they are illustrative of the world of postwar America.
All essays are due in class on Wednesday, November 14.
Instructions for accessing advertisments in the New York Times

1.Go to http://library.fiu.edu ( my Id number is 21199003823122)

2.Click on “Find Articles & Do Research”
3.On the right, click on “A-Z Databases” (second box down)
4.Go down the page and click on “New York Times (Historical File)”
5.Click on “More Search Options” on bottom tab
6.In the “Date Range” section, enter a beginning date and ending date that will allow you to view a week’s worth of issues (for example: 01/07/1954-01/14/1954)
7.In the “More Search Options” section select “Display Ad” in the “Document Type” box
8.Click the “Search” button
9.Click on the first document listed in the search results
10.Resize document as necessary to view
11.To view the next advertisement, click “Next” at the top of the page
12.Choose your ads; if you do not like any that you find, go back to step 5 and choose a different range of dates
Important: You must print off a copy of each ad you use in the essay and staple them to your essay when you submit it.
Some Suggestions for Choosing Advertisements
1.Make sure you have read May and Foner before beginning the assignment. Take some notes about themes you detect in each.
2.Do not give up if you don’t find ads you like immediately. Give some time to your searching.
3.Any type of ad can be used, but those with appealing visuals are often the richest for analysis.
4.That being said, don’t forget to analyze the text of the advertisements; you will find many textual ads are gold mines of material.
5.Some ads will be interesting, but may not say much about the times. Choose instead those ads that say something about the themes you’ve studied (e.g. marriage; domestic life; nuclear war; etc.)
6.As you choose your ads, think about the analytical thread that will hold them together as you write your paper. It will be very difficult to write a paper about three ads that have little in common except that they came from the same newspaper.
Some Suggestions for Writing Your Essay
1.Remember that you are to analyze the ads, not just describe them. The best way to keep to this task is to write a strong thesis statement that sets forth your analysis/argument in clear terms.
2.Outline your paper in a way that sets up each paragraph to propel your argument forward. You can organize these either by theme or by advertisement. The latter way will probably be clearer.
3.Choose active, simple past tense verbs to keep your sentences clear.
4.Write a conclusion that pulls the argument together in a logical way.
All essays must include the following
1.A title that clearly defines the essay’s purpose and theme.
2.A clear introduction.
3.A strong thesis statement.
4.Orderly paragraphs with smooth transitions.
5.Correct spelling and punctuation.
6.Footnotes for each citation of outside works. References for the advertisements should only be made on the first mention; subsequent citations are unnecessary for our purposes.
7.A clear conclusion.



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Excerpt From Essay:

Title: Political Geography

Total Pages: 8 Words: 2467 References: 8 Citation Style: APA Document Type: Essay

Essay Instructions: Follow the Chicago Manual of Style (13th or 14th edition) for reference citations; alphabetize your reference list.

Examples:

For a book:

Jones, B. 1972. The Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War. St. Martins Press, NY.

For a journal article:

Jackson, E., B. Jones, and C.F. Hyde. 2002. Metals in glacial soils. Nature (102): 44-62.

Murray, K.S., and D.T. Rogers. 1999. Occurrences of heavy metals in the River Rouge Watershed. Environmental Science and Technology (45):221-228.


In the text the two examples shown above would be referenced as follows (note how they are referenced in chronological order within the text, but alphabetically in the reference list):

During the past 50 years, Jones (1972) has noted the dust fallout from nuclear war would cause a nuclear winter…Locally, work on metals in watersheds has been done by Murray and Rogers (1999); Jackson et. al., 2002).


4) All figures and tables must be referenced in the text.

5) All papers should have an introduction and other logical subdivisions such as “previous literature”, “the current problem”, “case study”, “discussion”, “references” (others may be used).


The subject is Political Geography. The focus will be the development of the states within the United States, Starting the Colonies, becoming a state, the shapes of the states why they are shaped the way they are. George Washington was a geographer (surveyor). What contribution did he make to the organization of property in the early U.S? What was the Northwest Ordinance, and how did it influence the current arrangement of land in the U.S? How did the Revolutionary War change the way land was distributed in the eastern U.S.? Why are the states so large in the western U.S compared with the eastern states?

Excerpt From Essay:

Title: Broadening the Agenda of Security

Total Pages: 1 Words: 314 Works Cited: 0 Citation Style: None Document Type: Research Paper

Essay Instructions: I would like you to answer the question with 300 words and I will send u the material through the email so you can answer the question.


After reading the Burgess chapter the question I have is 'are we going over the top a little, are we broadening the agenda to much'?

For instance Burgess discusses Societal and Migration, could they not be discussed together? Likewise climate change, water, and energy are the not linked? And finally organized crime, narcotics, human, and arms trafficking are they not the same issues (Organized crime)?

What do others think?

- reading : Broadening the Agenda of Security
Burgess, J. Peter. „Non-Military Security Challenges?, in Contemporary
Security and Strategy, 2nd edition, Craig A. Snyder (ed.) Palgrave
Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2008, pp. 60-78.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. „Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict:
Evidence from Cases?, International Security, vol. 19, no. 1, 1994, pp. 5-
40. Available in the eReadings.
Purvis, Nigel and Joshua Busby. „The Security Implications of Climate Change
for the UN System?, ECSP Report, Vol. 10, 2004, pp. 67-73. Available in
the eReadings.



Below is some of the reading for you so you can answer the qustion.........

Broadening the security agenda
Objectives
When you have completed this topic, you should be able to:
• identify the key non-military threats of security
• understand the multidimensional nature of security
• critically assess the non-military responses to security.
Introduction
Since the end of the 1980s, with the end of the era of superpower rivalry and the receding threat of nuclear war, scholars, politicians and other decision-makers have fundamentally reassessed the notions of international security.
The new approach to the question of international security takes the view that the security threat to states from other states, is on a downward course. Analysts and policy makers have become increasingly concerned with other sources of instability, including issues such as environmental degradation, economics, societal and political sources of conflict, giving way to a more ambiguous understanding of security. The concept of security, therefore, needs to encompass not just the protection of a state against foreign military attack but also the protection of states from non-military threats.
Moreover, recent years have witnessed a growing recognition of the intimate relationship that exists between the security of states and the security of the citizens who constitute such entities. The notion of ‘human security’, is creeping around the edges of official thinking, suggesting that security be viewed as emerging from the conditions of daily life, food, shelter, employment, health, public safety, rather than flowing downward from a country’s foreign relations and military strength. Thus, the individual’s security does not, necessarily, derive from their nation’s security. It has become clear that some states which are militarily and strategically powerful are not necessarily strong or stable. The concept of security is an issue that involves many different levels and agents, referring not only to practice within the state or between states, but encompassing different units, from the individual to the global, in addition to a temporal dimension, from the immediate and the proximate to the longer term.
In this new era threats to state security are less and less likely to emanate from other states. More emphasis is being placed upon internal and trans-boundary threats to security. Such threats to security include environmental degradation, economics, international crime, migratory movements and mass population displacements.
Multidimensional nature of security
As Barry Buzan (1991a, p. 432) argues, security is no longer limited to the protection of a state or society against foreign military attack but also the protection ‘of an independent identity of that state or society from forces of change that challenge this identity’. He further identifies five major sectors in which influences upon security can be divided up into: military, political, economic, societal and environmental.
Generally speaking, military security concerns the two-level interplay of the armed offensive and defensive capabilities of states, and states perceptions of each others intentions. Political security concerns the organisational stability of states, systems of government and the ideologies that give them legitimacy. Economic security concerns access to the resources, finance and markets necessary to sustain acceptable levels of welfare and state power. Societal security concerns the sustainability, within acceptable conditions for evolution, of traditional patterns of language, culture and religious and national identity and custom. Environmental security concerns the maintenance of the local and the planetary biosphere as the essential support system on which all other human enterprises depend. These five sectors do not operate in isolation from each other. Each defines a focal point within the security problematic, and a way of ordering priorities, but all are woven together in a strong web of linkages.
(Buzan 1991b, pp. 19–20)
There also exists, however, a traditional school of military thinking which argues that security studies is about the study of war and the use of force, threat and the control of military power. Walt argues that widening the agenda beyond this: ‘runs the risk of expanding “security studies” excessively; by this logic, issues such as pollution, disease, child abuse, or economic recessions could all be viewed as threats to “security”. Defining the field in this way would destroy its intellectual coherence and make it more difficult to devise solutions to any of these important problems’. (Walt, cited in Buzan, Waever & de Wilde 1998, pp. 3–4)
In the previous topics military and societal security has been extensively covered and as such the focus for this topic is on the other sectors of security threats as identified by Buzan—political, environmental and economic.
Textbook
Begin your reading with the chapter by Peter Burgess (2008), ‘Non-military security challenges’, in C Snyder (ed.), Contemporary security and strategy, 2nd edn, pp. 60–78.
Burgess focuses on non-military challenges to security. He begins by looking at the class of non-military security threats against which military force has little or no utility. These may be either local or global in character, but their impact will register on the security of states sooner rather than later, if they are not doing so already. These include environmental issues (e.g. humanly-generated climate change in general and global warming in particular); resource depletion (e.g. deforestation; over-fishing); health issues (e.g. the consequences of the HIV-AIDS epidemic); forced migration; and organised transnational crime. Of course, many of these matters overlap and reinforce each other. These should be regarded as security concerns for states insofar as they directly threaten the peace and prosperity of a country and its citizens, and indirectly insofar as they give rise to violence and undesirable political and strategic change.
Economic security
Economic security involves the maintenance of economic growth, open sea-lanes of communication, free and fair trade practices, access to finance, markets and natural resources. Restructuring of the global economy has occurred leading to the emergence of a two-tier system of states. In the first tier are the developed states of North America, Western Europe. In the second tier are the developing states of East and South-East Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, South America, Central and South Asia. This is also commonly referred to as the North-South divide as the developed states (with the exception of states such as Australia, New Zealand and Singapore) are in the Northern Hemisphere while the developing states are to the south of the developed states.
Economic security is about access to the resources, finance and markets necessary to sustain acceptable levels of welfare and state power—therefore many individuals in the South live in a state of economic insecurity. For the poorer nations economic threats to security cover a range of issues—economic stagnation, environmental degradation, impoverishment, and in some cases depletion of resources, especially water, coupled with a lack of legitimacy of many governments and reinforced in most cases by rapid rates of population growth. As such, some states (e.g. Sudan, Bangladesh, Sierra Leone and Liberia) are unable to sustain even basic human . This can contribute to internal instability. Further potentially contributing to internal instability is uneven economic development and the distribution of resources.
Economic change is a fundamental necessity in most developing countries. If these countries are unable to manage their economic problems there will be serious political and social upheavals that will, eventually, spill over into the developed regions of the world. The developing countries will be able to threaten the developed world with unwanted migration, because economic conditions in the sending countries may be so harsh that migration becomes the only resort, unless welfare standards are maintained and development prospects kept alive.
Buzan, Wæver and de Wilde (1998, p. 116) argue that the issue of economic security is a fuzzy one at best but that economic activity can directly influence security issues in all the other sectors. This can be triggered by economic failures (e.g. famine and negative development) or by economic success (e.g. cultural homogenisation, loss of autonomy in military production, pollution and the gutting of state functions). As economics serves as the foundation for many of the other sectors threats to security can spill over from threats to the economic sector.
Environmental degradation as a source of political violence
Whilst dating back many centuries, the problem of international environmental degradation has only really started to gain prominence on the international agenda since the early 1970s. Some scholars have argued that linking security with the environment has created a political awareness and sense of urgency which are required to solve environmental problems and thus increase security. However, concerns have been raised that this linkage could lead to a militarisation of thinking about environmental problems. Such traditional military thinking is often state centred with the ability or will of a state to address such problems often dependent upon its character.
Environmental degradation can be considered a major threat to human life. Pollution, soil erosion and other problems of resource scarcity can negatively impact upon standards of living. Thomas Homer-Dixon (1994), takes this argument further. He argues that over the next 50 years human population will increase dramatically, and as a result there will be scarcities of renewable resources, high quality arable land and the species within them. This will then lead to violent civil or international conflict. This violence is often sub-national in nature, persistent and diffuse.
Poorer areas of the globe are already experiencing such shortages. These shortages can increase demands on institutions of the state whilst reducing their ability to meet these demands. These have the potential to lead to state fragmentation or despotic government, which can lead to internal problems and insurgency. Resource disputes can also lead to conflict between countries. As such definitions of environmental security have focused on sustainable utilisation and protection of resources. Environmental degradation as a result of warfare can often escalate conflicts. In peace time non-warfare military activity can impact on the environment not only in terms of pollution and resource usage, but also with regard to problems with nuclear testing, accidents with nuclear powered vessels and dumping of nuclear waste.
E-reading
Now read Thomas Homer-Dixon (1994), ‘Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: evidence from cases’.
How does Homer-Dixon argue that environmental degradation causes violent conflict? Is this the same as a security threat? Who or what is the referent object and how should it/they be secured?
E-reading
Finally, read the article by Nigel Purvis and Joshua Busby (2004), ‘The security implications of climate change for the UN system’.
This explores the security implications of climate change. Purvis and Busby present a summary of the adverse impacts of climate change. They analyse the security implications and offer policy recommendations for strengthening the UN’s capacity to respond to climate-related security threats.
Political threats
Political security is even more difficult to categorise then economic security. It can be argued that all actions are political and hence all threats to security at their core are political. Political security can, however, be distinguished from the other sectors through the questioning of what is necessary to maintain stable organisation structures within a state. Political threats to the state can therefore be directed towards ‘the idea of the state, particularly its national identity and organising ideology, and the institutions which express it’. (Buzan, cited in Buzan, Waever & de Wilde 1998, p. 142) Political threats can vary in importance or intensity depending on the strength of the state. Strong states, or those states with strong political institutions, are less vulnerable than are weak states whose political institutions lack a general consensus of legitimacy.
Political threats to weak states can take on the following forms:
• internal threats based on ethnic or national divisions within states
• internal threats based on political or ideological grounds
• inadvertent threats based on a state-nation split (such as differing assumptions in regard to calculating territorial rights for a state-nation)
• external, but unintentional threats to states on political-ideological grounds
• security of and against supranational, regional integration
• systemic, principled threats against states that are vulnerable because of a state-nation split
• structural (systemic) threats to states on political-ideological grounds
• threats from trans-national movements that claim a higher sovereignty than the state
• threats to international society, law and order.. (Buzan, Waever & de Wilde 1998, pp. 155–9
Conclusion
In dealing with security issues in future, military strategists will have to talk to a much wider range of people (i.e. sociologists, environmentalists and scientists in addition to historians and political scientists), if they are to be successful.
The military aspect of security is, however, by no means dead. Armed forces still play an important role in maintaining state sovereignty, providing deterrence and international prestige, contributing to international operations and fulfilling diplomatic roles. However, it must be remembered that states that are militarily and strategically powerful are not necessarily strong, stable or secure.
References
Buzan, B 1991a, ‘New patterns of global security’, International Affairs, vol. 67, no. 3.
Buzan, B 1991b, People, states and fear: an agenda for international security studies, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York.
Buzan, B, Wæver, O & de Wilde, J 1998, Security: a new framework for analysis, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colo.





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