Essay Instructions: CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT.
No. 398.
Argued May 2, 1960.
Decided May 16, 1960.
Alleging a course of racially discriminatory practices calculated to deprive Negro citizens of their voting rights, the United States brought an action for declaratory and injunctive relief under the Civil Rights Act of 1957 against the Board of Registrars of an Alabama county, the individual members thereof and the State of Alabama. The District Court dismissed the complaint, holding, inter alia, that the Civil Rights Act of 1957 did not authorize the action against the State. The Court of Appeals affirmed, and this Court granted certiorari. Before the case was heard in this Court, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was amended so as expressly to authorize such actions to be brought against a State. Held: By virtue of that amendment, which is to be applied to this case, the District Court now has jurisdiction to entertain this action against the State. Accordingly, both of the judgments below are vacated and the case is remanded to the District Court with instructions to reinstate the action as to the State. Pp. 602-604.
267 F.2d 808, judgments vacated and case remanded.
Solicitor General Rankin argued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief were Acting Assistant Attorney General Ryan, Harold H. Greene, D. Robert Owen and David Rubin.
Gordon Madison and Nicholas S. Hare, Assistant Attorneys General of Alabama, argued the cause for respondents. With them on the brief were MacDonald Gallion, Attorney General, and Lawrence K. Andrews.
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PER CURIAM.
Alleging a course of racially discriminatory practices calculated to deprive Negro citizens of their voting rights in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and Part IV of the Civil [362 U.S. 602, 603] Rights Act of 1957, 71 Stat. 637, 42 U.S.C. 1971 (a), 1 the United States, proceeding under 42 U.S.C. 1971 (c), 2 brought this action against the Board of Registrars of Macon County, Alabama, and the two individual respondents as members thereof, for declaratory and injunctive relief. Thereafter the Government amended its complaint so as to join the State of Alabama as a party defendant.
The District Court dismissed the complaint as to all defendants. It held (1) that the individual respondents had been sued only as Registrars, and that having under Alabama law effectively resigned their offices they were not suable in their official capacities; (2) that the Board of Registrars was not a suable legal entity; and (3) that the Civil Rights Act of 1957 did not authorize this action against the State. 171 F. Supp. 720. The Court of Appeals, sustaining each of these holdings, affirmed. 267 F.2d 808. [362 U.S. 602, 604] Because of the importance of the issues involved we brought the case here. 361 U.S. 893 .
Shortly before the case was heard in this Court on May 2, 1960, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1960. The bill was signed by the President on May 6, 1960, and has now become law. Act of May 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 86. Among other things 601 (b) of that Act amends 42 U.S.C. 1971 (c) by expressly authorizing actions such as this to be brought against a State. 3 Under familiar principles, the case must be decided on the basis of law now controlling, and the provisions of 601 (b) are applicable to this litigation. American Foundries v. Tri-City Council, 257 U.S. 184, 201 ; Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 60 ; see also Reynolds v. United States, 292 U.S. 443, 449 .
We hold that by virtue of the provisions of that section the District Court has jurisdiction to entertain this action against the State. In so holding we do not reach, or intimate any view upon, any of the issues decided below, the merits of the controversy, or any defenses, constitutional or otherwise, that may be asserted by the State.
Accordingly, the judgments of the Court of Appeals and the District Court will be vacated, and the case remanded to the District Court for the Middle District of Alabama with instructions to reinstate the action as to the State of Alabama, and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
It is so ordered.
Footnotes
[ Footnote 1 ] Section 1 of the Fifteenth Amendment provides: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 42 U.S.C. 1971 (a) provides: "All citizens of the United States who are otherwise qualified by law to vote at any election by the people in any State, Territory, district, county, city, parish, township, school district, municipality, or other territorial subdivision, shall be entitled and allowed to vote at all such elections, without distinction of race, color, or previous condition of servitude; any constitution, law, custom, usage, or regulation of any State or Territory, or by or under its authority, to the contrary notwithstanding."
[ Footnote 2 ] 42 U.S.C. 1971 (c) provides: "Whenever any person has engaged or there are reasonable grounds to believe that any person is about to engage in any act or practice which would deprive any other person of any right or privilege secured by subsection (a) . . . the Attorney General may institute for the United States, or in the name of the United States, a civil action or other proper proceeding for preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order. In any proceeding hereunder the United States shall be liable for costs the same as a private person."
[ Footnote 3 ] Section 601 (b) provides: "Whenever, in a proceeding instituted under this subsection [42 U.S.C. 1971 (c)] any official of a State or subdivision thereof is alleged to have committed any act or practice constituting a deprivation of any right or privilege secured by subsection (a), the act or practice shall also be deemed that of the State and the State may be joined as a party defendant and, if, prior to the institution of such proceeding, such official has resigned or has been relieved of his office and no successor has assumed such office, the proceeding may be instituted against the State." [362 U.S. 602, 605]
Case Format
Use the below format when submitting the required information from the assigned case(United States v. Alabama)
Names
Course
Date
Title
1. Introduction: Introduce the topic and identify the social issue/s and express what information you plan to discuss. (At least 1-2 paragraphs)
2. Sociological Approach: (Structural Functionalist, Social Conflict, Symbolic Interaction) Discuss how your material relates to one or more of the approaches.Then address/discuss how one or more of the (Theories of Prejudice) relates to the topic. (At least 3-4 paragraphs)
3. Body: In this section discuss the case, the findings/ruling in total, your views and life observations on the topic. What were the findings based on. Discuss the positive and negative of this case and if this information has any significances in present day life. (At least 4 paragraphs)
4. Conclusion: In this section, summarize the topic presented. ( At least 2 paragraphs)
Note: Students will receive a zero for regurgitation of the chapter. Paragraphs represent 50 words or more and please title each section (Intro, Approaches...) Please follow the outline above..
