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Essay Instructions: Write a critical essay about this:

4.2 Socio-economic impacts
From a social perspective urban sprawl generates
greater segregation of residential development
according to income, as mentioned in Chapter 3.
Consequently, it can exacerbate urban social and
economic divisions. The socio??'economic character
of suburban and peripheral areas is typified by
middle and upper income families with children,
who have the necessary mobility and lifestyle to
enable them to function effectively in these localities.
However, the suburban experience for other groups,
including the young and old, who lack mobility and
resources can be very different and can reduce social
interaction. Furthermore, large segments of urban
society are excluded from living in such areas.
Social polarisation associated with urban sprawl is
in some cities so apparent that the concept of the
'divided' or 'dual' city has been applied to describe
the divisions between the inner city core and the
suburban outskirts. In the inner city, poor quality
neighbourhoods often house a mix of unemployed
people, the elderly poor, single young people and
minority ethnic groups, often suffering from the
impacts of the selective nature of migration and
employment loss.
These socio??'economic problems are not, however,
unique to city centres. In many cities similar
social and economic problems have increasingly
developed in the more peripheral areas where post
war re-housing schemes are today home to some
of the most disadvantaged urban groups and the
location of the lowest quality environments.
From an economic perspective urban sprawl is at the
very least a more costly form of urban development
due to:
• increased household spending on commuting
from home to work over longer and longer
distances;
• the cost to business of the congestion in
sprawled urban areas with inefficient
transportation systems;
• the additional costs of the extension of urban
infrastructures including utilities and related
services, across the urban region.
Urban sprawl inhibits the development of public
transport and solutions based on the development
of mass transportation systems, and the provision
of alternative choices in transportation that are
essential to ensure the efficient working of urban
environments. These conclusions are reinforced by
experience from both Munich and Stockholm where
the efficient control of urban sprawl and resulting
increase in population densities fosters the use of
public transport and reduces the growth of car use
(Lyons, 2003; Cameron et al., 2004).
Economic inefficiency is also associated with the
market orientated planning regimes that frequently
generate sprawling urban areas. Market orientated
land use allocations driving urban expansion and
the transformation of economic activity often result
in the abandonment of former industrial areas. As a
result, there are many derelict or underused former
industrial zones throughout Europe. In Spain about
50 % of sites contaminated from past industrial
activities are located in urban areas (1999), and in
Austria it is estimated that abandoned industrial
sites cover about 2 % of all urban areas (2004).

Generally, the efficiency savings of more compact
city development as compared with market driven
suburbanisation can be as high as 20??"45 % in land
resources, 15??"-25 % in the construction of local roads
and 7??"15 % savings in the provision of water and
sewage facilities (Burchell et al., 1992).
EU enlargement and the accession of new
Member States have in some instances generated
economic effects with associated impacts on the
development of cities. In Tallinn, for example,
over the past 2??"3 years the price of apartments has
risen considerably during a period of widespread
increases in real estate and land market transactions
(Box 8). Generally, increased land prices throughout
western Europe, as a consequence of urban
sprawl and speculation, is attracting investors
to new markets in the new Member States. The
input of external capital distorts internal markets,
particularly in small countries like Estonia which
has a small property market and a population of just
1.3 million.
The failure to control urban sprawl at the local level
despite the policies and tools that are available
supports the case for the development of new
initiatives and new policy visions to address
these policy failures. The EU has obligations to
act to address the impacts of urban sprawl for
a wide variety of policy reasons. These include
its commitments under environmental treaties
to ensure that these impacts do not seriously
undermine EU commitments to the Kyoto Protocol
on greenhouse gas emissions. Other legal bases for
action originate from the fact that some problems
of urban sprawl arise from European intervention
in other policy domains. Overall, these obligations
define a clear responsibility and mandate for the
EU to take an active lead in the development of
new initiatives to counter the environmental and
socio??'economic impacts of sprawl.
The following chapter examines the principles that
should define the governance framework for action
at EU level to combat urban sprawl. This includes
policy definition according to the principles of
sustainable development, policy coherence built
around measures to secure policy integration via
close coordination between different policies and
initiatives, and better cooperation between different
levels of administration.


comparingg to another country ( it can not be from europe, because this text is called urban sprawl in europe..so it needs to be critically compared to another country like canada.. or something like that)

thank you

Essay Instructions: The subject is juvenile dellinquency and urban areas
written by Shaw and Mckay. The focus of the paper
should be Concentric Zones.
Professor Requirements to follow by fax.
The sources should be scientific journals please limit
the amount of internet source.

Essay Instructions: Hi,

This paper needs to be on port and harbor planning within urban areas, as they pertain to United States Coast Guard (USCG) Facilities. Remember to include nature into your discussion of ports and harbors and how they could tie into an overall park system.

This paper needs to be in MLA format.

Thanks again for you assistance.

Essay Instructions: The answers should be about 2½ double-spaced pages for each question. Primary book to get information from, if available, is Evolution of American Urban Society, The (6th Edition), Howard P. Chudacoff, Judith E. Smith, ISBN 0131898248.

Question 1: In the period after the civil war the social class structure evolved.
a. Discuss the situation of African Americans during and after Reconstruction, including in urban areas.
b. Describe the burgeoning trade union movement, and the different perspectives and actions of such workers’ organizations as the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the International Workers of the World (IWW ??" Wobblies).

Question 2: Social reformers responded to worsening conditions in cities and workplaces in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Select two of the following and discuss their roles in working towards reform during this period. Include in your discussion the successes, problems and unintended consequences (where appropriate) of these efforts, and well as the role of women.

a. Religious and moral reformers (Social gospel, temperance and anti-vice campaigns)
b. Educational reformers
c. Settlement houses
d. The Socialist Party
e. Housing reformers
f. Muckrakers (new journalists), such as Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair and Ida B. Wells, among others.