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Essay Instructions: (Tuberculosis)As part of your investigation, select a population of interest. For example, a particular race or ethnicity and how they relate to your infectious disease. In a 1,400-1,750 word paper explore the social and cultural aspects of the disease. Include the following information:
a. Describe the agent of disease.
b. Describe the factors that make this particular population vulnerable to the disease.
c. Describe environmental factors that make the population vulnerable to the disease.
d. What are the modes for disease transmission?
e. What methods are used to control the spread of the disease? Are there alternative methods used by the selected population for treatment? What is the effect of alternate treatments?
f. What role do social and/or cultural influences play in the disease for a particular population? What are the effects of the populations’ beliefs and values have on treatment options?

Essay Instructions: FOR THE ATTENTION OF JOWRITER63 OR SOKKERTRAPP

I AM CURRENTLY STUDYING A MODULE IN URBAN HEALTH AND I HAVE A TWO PART ESSAY SO WHOEVER THAT IS WRITING THE FIRST PART OF THIS ESSAY WILL HAVE TO WRITE THE SECOND PART

SO EARLY LAST YEAR THE FIRST PART OF THE ESSAY WAS A GROUP PRESENTATION IN WHICH I HAVE ALREADY DONE( I WILL UPLOAD THE PRESENTATION TO GIVE U AN IDEA OF WHAT I DID IN THE FIRST PART)

SO YOU WILL BE DOING THE CONTINUATION PART 2 AND 3

The Urban Health Profile (1,500 words). This will be in form of a written profile (report) of 2000 words to the Assessment.

The Urban Health Profile requires you to focus on two aspects: the practical (observation and data collection) and the theoretical (informed by the wider literature) work on the urban health issue chosen for this Assessment.
You have to choose a relevant urban health issue, choose a local area (neighbourhood) to carry-out the study, and physically observe and collect data from the area for the Profile.
You also have to look for scholarly literature published in relation to this urban health issue (this can be from the area and beyond). This literature will inform your analysis and theoretical discussion of the urban health issue and the area studied.



Assessment Component 2 - The Urban Health Profile
CHOSEN TOPIC: TUBERCULOSIS) IN LONDON BOROUGH OF NEWHAM- (1,500 WORDS)

The Urban Health Profile (1500 words)


? Provide a clear rationale why this is an urban health issue. Why you have chosen to study the issue in the selected area. You have to provide clear and full description of the local area {Newham Borough London} you have chosen to study.

? Present and give an account of the data and information you observed and collected from the local area (Newham Borough London) in relation to the urban health issue you are studying.

? This could include various aspects in relation to the area and the urban health issue such as size of the area, population, and observation on related determinants (factors) that influence the urban health issue, physical facilities or amenities that are relevant to this issue as resources.

? E.G parks; gyms; food outlets - corner shops, supermarkets, fresh food markets, restaurants, fast food outlets, community centres, housing and accommodation) and health and social service points relevant to this issue.

? This part requires you to do a community inventory in relation to the urban health issue you have chosen. You can do this with the help of Google mapping.

? Provide an analysis and interpretation of data and information presented in this Profile, commenting on the implications of such data on the urban health issue and population health in the area. In this part, you should be scholarly enough by linking your analysis and interpretation of your local data with the wider literature on this urban health issue.

? Therefore, you should be able to suggest relevant recommendations and draw conclusions from your analysis and interpretation of the Profile data that are informed by the wider literature on this urban health issue.
? The Urban Health Profile will be assessed against LO6 and the marking will focus on:
PLS NOTICE: USE YOUR OWN WORDS.
a) Ability to choose a relevant urban health issue and clear rationale.
b) Collection and presentation of relevant data / information, and creativity in the use of tools to present the Urban Health Profile.
c) Analysis and interpretation of data / information, commenting on implications of such data and drawing relevant conclusions.



NOW COMMENCING TO THE THIRD PART OF THE ESSAY

Assessment Component 3 - The Extended Essay Plan
The Extended Essay Plan (1000 words)
? Essay Title: which is Tuberculosis in Newham Borough of London, should include the health issue, target population group and the area. London based papers should look at the boroughs; elsewhere you can just look at the whole city as one study unit.
? Introduction ? brief overview of the urban health issue and signposting to show the sections you will include in the work.

? Target population group in the area ..... {Newham Borough London}. London based papers should look at the boroughs; elsewhere you can just look at the whole city as one study unit.


? Rationale of why this is an urban health issue ? identify and explain the evidence including epidemiological data you will use to show why this is an urban health problem.

? Explain the urban context and determinants that you will look at to explain the impact on the health issue. Draw on the Urban Health Profile. Remember to draw on the wider context, including London in Newham borough London.

? Identify and explain the public health consequences and implications of this urban health problem that impact on the general populations, on the individual and on the health services.

? Explain what strategies and interventions for addressing this urban health problem you will critique in the paper.

PLS NOTICE
This component should reflect the assessment 1, 2, 3.
Ability to choose a relevant urban health issue and clear rationale
Ability to produce a clear and logical essay plan, with an appropriate structure and clear of details what each section of the essay will examine


Referenced in the Harvard method

Essay Instructions: This particular proposal will be for funding purposes for a future intervention. It will be similar to but not exactly like the NIH-formatted grant proposal (PHS 398) for a research project, which utilizes the community intervention trial as my primary study design.
Proposal choice topic: To evaluate the effectiveness of tuberculosis (TB) prevention and a TB-treatment intervention on males newly released from New York City Prison/Correctional Facility (Riker’s Island) who have been diagnosed with latent TB infection (LTBI) or active TB disease (TB).
• Specific Aims (up to 1 page)---includes goals/objectives of the study and list of hypotheses
• Background and Significance (4-5 pages)
o Understanding of the Problem--review of relevant literature on the public health problem, prior testing of the interventions, special characteristics of the target population, etc.
o Rationale--justification for the study, importance of the research questions, etc.
o Conceptual Framework
• Research Methodology (no more than 10 pages)
o Introduction--overview of proposed study
o Study Design (**Community intervention trial)
o Intervention--describe the intervention and how/why you chose it; identify the treatment arms; clearly define what the control condition entails; describe site coordination
o Study Sample
? Target population [diagnosed with latent TB infection (LTBI) or active TB disease (TB)]
? Sample size--it is not necessary for you to do the calculations, just identify the factors that you would need to consider in determining an appropriate sample size at both the individual and group levels
? Sampling strategies
? Sampling frames
? Recruitment strategies
? Allocation to treatment arms--describe the process
o Study Variables/Measures--key variables include independent variables, dependent variables, confounders
o Data Collection
? Data collection methods--which ones you will use and why you chose them
? Data collection instrument(s)--describe the instruments that you might want to use (e.g. survey, focus group guide etc)
? Data management plan
o Data Analysis
? Overview--goals of the data analysis; special analytic considerations
? Hypothesis 1--Please note that you should have a sub-section for each specific aim. In each sub-section, outline the analytic techniques that you might use to test each one.
? Hypothesis 2, etc.
Example of hypothesis: Null Hypothesis (#1): A tuberculosis (TB) prevention and TB treatment intervention on males whom have been diagnosed with latent TB infection (LTBI) or active TB disease (TB) and are newly released from Correctional facilities will not make a difference in their knowledge of TB and their communities.

Alternate Hypothesis (#1): A tuberculosis (TB) prevention and TB treatment intervention on males whom have been diagnosed with latent TB infection (LTBI) or active TB disease (TB) and are newly released from Correctional facilities will make a difference in their knowledge of TB and their communities.

Rationale: In spite of tremendous development over the years, TB still remains one of the most deadly diseases in the world, claiming more than 2 million lives annually with 10 million new cases diagnosed every year. Statistics have shown that there is a disproportionately high percentage of TB cases occur among persons incarcerated in US correctional facilities. Surveillance data reported that 3.9% of all TB cases in the US were diagnosed while in a correctional facility (CDC, 2007). Hence, effective TB prevention and control measures in correctional facilities are needed to increase educational knowledge of TB and reduce TB rates among inmates once released and the general US population.

Null Hypothesis (#2): A tuberculosis (TB) prevention and TB treatment intervention on males whom have been diagnosed with latent TB infection (LTBI) or active TB disease (TB) and are newly released from New York City Correctional facilities will not reduce the rates of infection.

Alternate Hypothesis (#2): A tuberculosis (TB) prevention and TB treatment intervention on males whom have been diagnosed with latent TB infection (LTBI) or active TB disease (TB) and are newly released from New York City Correctional facilities will reduce the rates of infection.

Rationale: Since rates of TB infection in jails continues to increase, there are several new implementations and recommendations coming from both the New York City’s Health Department and the CDC regarding TB infections amongst inmates housed in county jails; the focus is for all health providers, specialists and educators to continue their efforts in treatment of the inmates diagnosed with latent TB infection (LTBI) or active TB disease by i.e. Ensuring transitions from incarceration to communities, developing client-specific transitional plans that addresses care, prevention and support service needs etc. Thus, the intervention will help to reduce the rates prevent the development and spread of TB infection; and successfully treat communities of newly released males, transitioning out of those New York City Correctional Facilities.

?
• Human Subjects Research (no more than 1 page) --- provide evidence that ethical principles will be upheld, identify risks and benefits to subjects
• Discussion (1-2 pages)
o Strengths and Limitations--include anticipated problems and possible solutions; don't forget to consider your application of community-based public health research principles as a strength
o Summary--Brief, concluding remarks. Stress the importance of the study in terms of its improvement upon prior work and its potential for benefit to public health. For whom will the research findings be important? How will you inform those individuals/groups?
• References (APA format) (no page limit)
• Appendices (no page limit)
o List of Key Personnel/Skills
o Draft Timeline (Proposing between January 2009 and December 2009)
o Others (optional)
-No footnotes required, though quotations, parenthetical citations can be added to the proposal as needed.

Thanks in advance for the proposal preparation as a guide.

Essay Instructions: Please base this thesis on the RADIOLOGIC findings on Tuberculosis. TB found in the lungs, organs and bones. The class that I'm doing this for is Radiology Practitioner assistant. If possible, the presentation of TB on x-ray, CT, MRI should be included. I would like 8 to 10 pages if possible.
This thesis needs to be in MANUSCRIPT STYLE.
This research paper will be submitted to a peer-reviewed, journal. Then submitted to a journal.
If there is any questions that I need to answer please let me know.