The School Children Essays and Research Papers

Essay Instructions: ASSIGNMENT 2 ??" LITERATURE REVIEW
2,500 word graded paper
This assignment will require you to prepare a literature review which encapsulates the findings of the literature and other information you have gathered. The literature review to be conducted is a narrative review. This is different to a systematic review which is usually undertaken in order to perform a statistical analysis of the findings of previous research. A narrative review involves performing thorough literature searches, describing how these were done, grouping findings according to themes and showing how the articles relate to those themes. It is important to accurately reference all material used.
Specific assessment criteria
In this assignment you should: Succinctly state your aim for the literature review. Succinctly your search strategy (this is to include databases, search engines, key words, time frame of search, inclusion and exclusion criteria, people who you will contact to discuss their work on this particular issue and any other strategies you have used to conduct a systematic search). State the range of literature you obtained (number of articles and main focus). Group findings according to themes and describe the process you used to identify the themes.

I will put lecture and study guide read from page 45 to 47 that are very important

my resources and my proposal you must the same my health issue ( obesity ) you don't change my topic

I will put my friend's answer that help you

the some web that are very important

http://flinders.libguides./content.php?pid=178886&sid=1505232

you can see the databes

I found this :

Search for: 9 and 10 and 11 Results: 2 Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <1948 to August Week 4 2011>Search Strategy:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Obesity/ or Obesity, Abdominal/ (102944)2 *Overweight/ or *Body Weight/ (24438)3 *Weight Gain/ (5535)4 *Women/ (9661)5 Female/ (5800290)6 *Adolescent/ (19211)7 exp Saudi Arabia/ (6587)8 exp Arabs/ (2343)9 1 or 2 or 3 (125690)10 4 or 5 or 6 (5819694)11 7 or 8 (8825)12 9 and 10 and 11 (148) ***************************2. Obesity among Saudi Female University Students: Dietary Habits and Health Behaviors. Al Qauhiz NM. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association. 85(1-2):45-59, 2010. [Journal Article] UI: 21073847 BACKGROUND: The remarkable economic growth in Saudi Arabia has affected the population life style negatively. Theincreasing problem of obesity has been reported from different regions in the kingdom. The rate of overweight andobesity reached 65.4% in the eastern region among females aged 18-74 years old. Although there is considerable amount ofdata on prevalence of obesity, yet, data on dietary habits and food consumption pattern are limited.OBJECTIVES: The present study is a cross- sectional descriptive study aimed at exploring the BMI distribution amonguniversity female students. Food consumption pattern and health related behaviors were also assessed.MATERIAL AND METHODS: 799 students participated in the study; data were collected using self administered questionnaire.Body weight and height were measured to calculate the BMI.RESULTS: Among the study participants, overweight and obesity reached 47.9%. Marriage, presence of obesity among familymembers, frequency of drinking aerated beverages increased the risk of obesity significantly. Misperception of bodyimage was reported by 17.4% and 54.2% of obese and overweight students respectively. Analysis of dietary habits and lifestyles indicated the predominance of unhealthy behaviors.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The study results mandate the need for a national strategy to adopt healthy dietaryhabits and life styles.StatusMEDLINEAuthors Full NameAl Qauhiz, Norah M.InstitutionHome Economics (Nutrition and Food Sciences) Department, Princess Nora Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, SaudiArabia. Date Created20101115 Link to the Ovid Full Text or citation: https://ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/login?url=http://ovidsp.ovid./ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=medl&AN=21073847 Link to the External Link Resolver: http://linkit.flinders.edu.au/flinders?sid=OVID:medline&id=pmid:21073847&id=doi:&issn=0013-2446&isbn=&volume=85&issue=1&spage=45&pages=45-59&date=2010&title=Journal+of+the+Egyptian+Public+Health+Association&atitle=Obesity+among+Saudi+Female+University+Students%3A+Dietary+Habits+and+Health+Behaviors.&aulast=Al+Qauhiz&pid=%3Cauthor%3EAl+Qauhiz+NM%3C%2Fauthor%3E%3CAN%3E21073847%3C%2FAN%3E%3CDT%3EJournal+Article%3C%2FDT%3E 4. Body mass index and obstetric outes in pregnant in Saudi Arabia: a prospective cohort study. El-Gilany AH. Hammad S. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 30(5):376-80, 2010 Sep-Oct. [Journal Article] UI: 20697173 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We examined the effect of body mass index in early pregnancy on pregnancy oute since nostudy in Saudi Arabia has addressed this question.METHODS: This prospective cohort study involved women registered for antenatal care during the first month of pregnancyat primary health care centers in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected from records and by direct interview.RESULTS: The study included 787 women. Compared to normal weight women (n=307), overweight (n=187) and obese (n=226)women were at increased risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension (RR=4.9 [95% CI 1.6-11.1] and 6.1 [95% CI 2.1-17.8],respectively), gestational diabetes (RR=4.4 [95% CI 1.2-16.3] and 8.6 [95% CI 2.6-28.8]), preeclamptic toxemia (RR=3.8[95% CI 1.1-14.6] and 5.9 [95% CI 1.7-20.4]), urinary tract infections (RR=1.4 [95% CI 0.5-3.9] and 3.7 [95% CI1.7-6.2]), and cesarean delivery (RR=2.0 [95% CI 1.3-3.0] in obese women). Neonates born to obese women had an increasedrisk for postdate pregnancy (RR=3.7 [95% CI 1.2-11.6]), macrosomia (RR=6.8 [95% CI 1.5-30.7]), low 1-minute Apgar score(RR=1.9 [95% CI 1.1-3.6]), and admission to neonatal care units (RR=2.1 [95% CI 1.2-2.7]). On the other hand, low birthweight was less frequent among obese women (RR=0.5 [95% CI 0.3-0.9]) while the risk was high among underweight women(RR=2.3 [95% CI 1.4-3.8]).CONCLUSION: Even with adequate prenatal care, overweight and obesity can adversely affect pregnancy outes.StatusMEDLINEAuthors Full NameEl-Gilany, Abdel-Hady. Hammad, Sabry.InstitutionCollege of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia.Other IDSource: NLM. PMC2941250Date Created20100913 Link to the Ovid Full Text or citation: https://ezproxy.flinders.edu.au/login?url=http://ovidsp.ovid./ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=medl&AN=20697173 Link to the External Link Resolver: http://linkit.flinders.edu.au/flinders?sid=OVID:medline&id=pmid:20697173&id=doi:&issn=0256-4947&isbn=&volume=30&issue=5&spage=376&pages=376-80&date=2010&title=Annals+of+Saudi+Medicine&atitle=Body+mass+index+and+obstetric+outes+in+pregnant+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+a+prospective+cohort+study.&aulast=El-Gilany&pid=%3Cauthor%3EEl-Gilany+AH%3BHammad+S%3C%2Fauthor%3E%3CAN%3E20697173%3C%2FAN%3E%3CDT%3EJournal+Article%3C%2FDT%3E

Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge
VR 1.0

PT J
AU Farghaly, NE
Ghazali, BM
Al-Wabel, HM
Sadek, AA
Abbag, FI
AF Farghaly, Nadia E.
Ghazali, Bothaina M.
Al-Wabel, Huda M.
Sadek, Ali A.
Abbag, Fuad I.
TI Life style and nutrition and their impact on health of Saudi school students in Abha, Southwestern region of Saudi Arabia
SO SAUDI MEDICAL JOURNAL
LA English
DT Article
ID CHILDREN; GROWTH; SCHOOLCHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; ADULTHOOD; PATTERN
AB Objectives: To evaluate the life style and dietary habits of school students and the prevalence of some nutritional problems.
Methods: We conducted this study in Abha city during the scholastic year 2000. A two-stage random sample was used to select the students. The sample consisted of 767 male and female students in different grades of education. A designed questionnaire was used to collect data regarding life style practices and dietary habits. Weight, height, and body mass index were obtained.
Results: Diets were rich in carbohydrates, and deficient in fiber. Breakfast was a regular meal for 72% of primary school students pared to 49% of secondary school students. Milk was consumed daily by 51.5% of the sample; fast food consumption was low (2.0 +/- 1.7 times/month). Physical exercise was practiced significantly longer by males than by females; 8.6% and 5.8% of males in intermediate and secondary grades were smokers. Sleeping hours during school days were adequate (7.4 +/- 1.7 hours/day), but relatively higher (9.5 +/- 2.3) during vacation. Underweight (18.9%), obesity (15.9%), and overweight (11%) were prevalent. Overweight and obesity were significantly more prevailing among females of primary and secondary grades.
Conclusion: Health education and physical education programs in the schools are remended to promote healthy life styles and dietary habits. School feeding programs may be required to achieve some of these goals.
C1 King Khalid Univ, Coll Med, Dept Child Hlth, Abha, Saudi Arabia
King Khalid Univ, Male Coll Hlth Sci, Abha, Saudi Arabia
King Khalid Univ, Female Coll Hlth Sci, Abha, Saudi Arabia
RP Abbag, FI (reprint author), King Khalid Univ, Coll Med, Dept Child Hlth, POB 641, Abha, Saudi Arabia
EM
NR 18
TC 3
Z9 3
PU SAUDI MED J
PI RIYADH
PA ARMED FORCES HOSPITAL, PO BOX 7897,, RIYADH 11159, SAUDI ARABIA
SN 0379-5284
J9 SAUDI MED J
JI Saudi Med. J.
PD MAR
PY 2007
VL 28
IS 3
BP 415
EP 421
PG 7
WC Medicine, General & Internal
SC General & Internal Medicine
GA 165NL
UT WOS:100020
ER

Source: Scopus

Abalkhail, B.A.a b , Shawky, S.a , Soliman, N.K.a
Validity of self-reported weight and height among Saudi school children and adolescents
(2002) Saudi Medical Journal, 23 (7), pp. 831-837. Cited 14 times.

a Department of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
b Department of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University, PO Box 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Objectives: To explore the relationship between self-reported weight and height to actual weight and height in a cross-sectional representative sample of school students in Jeddah City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its relation to selected socio-economic and socio-demographic factors. Also to evaluate the validity of self-reported weight and height measurements. Methods: Data was collected from a sample of Saudi school students in Jeddah City, KSA from 42 boys' schools and 42 girls' schools during the month of April 2000. Data collection was carried out by an in-person interview to collect sociodemographic and self-reported weight and height, as well as, actual measurement of weight and height. Body mass index was classified according to age and genders into underweight (<15th percentile), normal weight (?15th percentile to <85th percentile), overweight (?85th percentile to <95th percentile) and obesity (?95th percentile). Validity of self-reported obesity, as pared to measured body mass index, was assessed. Results: A total of 2,860 Saudi school students were enrolled in the study with an age range from 9 to 21 years (mean=13.9, standard deviation=2.8). Overweight was reported in 13.4% and obesity in 13.5% of school students. Overweight and obesity were more marked among those of at least 13 years of age, male of high social class and students with highly educated mothers. Slightly above half of the school children were unaware of their weight and height giving an unknown body mass index in approximately 60% of cases. Among the remaining 40% who reported their weight and height, underestimation of weight was around 2.7 kg and was mainly among girls, in 16-21 year old group, high socio-economic class and born from educated mothers. Overestimation of height by 4cm was reported mainly among the overweight, obese, girls, those with at least 16 years of age. Sensitivity of determining obesity by reported weight and height was low especially among girls and those of at least 16-years of age while specificity was more among boys than girls and improved by increase in age. Conclusion: Our results display the inaccuracy of self-reported weight and height in tracking obesity in our youth population. These results also emphasize the need for munity and school based programs for preventing and reducing obesity in school age through improving the nutritional status awareness, diet habits and life style in order to ensure health and longevity.

Author Keywords
Adolescence; Children; Obesity; Self-reported weight and height; Validity

Index Keywords
accuracy, adolescent, adult, age, anthropometry, article, awareness, body height, body mass, body weight, child, munity, controlled study, data analysis, demography, education, feeding behavior, female, health program, human, interview, juvenile, lifestyle, longevity, male, mother, nutritional status, obesity, population research, Saudi Arabia, school, self report, sensitivity and specificity, sex difference, social class, socioeconomics, student, validation process; Adolescent, Adult, Body Height, Body Mass Index, Body Weight, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity

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Correspondence Address
Abalkhail B.A.; Dept. Comm. Med./Primary Health Care, Faculty Med./Allied Health Sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University, PO Box 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; email:

ISSN: 03795284
CODEN: SAMJD
PubMed ID: 12174236
Language of Original Document: English
Abbreviated Source Title: Saudi Med. J.
Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Herzallah, H.K., Bubshait, S.A., Antony, A.K., Al-Otaibi, S.T.
Incidence of influenza A H1N1 2009 infection in Eastern Saudi Arabian hospitals
(2011) Saudi Medical Journal, 32 (6), pp. 598-602.

Preventive Medicine Services Division, Dhahran Health Center, PO Box 09384, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Objectives: To describe the clinical and epidemiologic features of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) cases. Methods: This study was conducted in Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization (SAMSO) facilities in the Eastern province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Electronic medical records for H1N1 infected patients who visited SAMSO between June and October 2009 were reviewed retrospectively. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from suspected patients, and sent to the Ministry of Health (MOH) Regional Laboratory in Dammam, KSA to confirm the diagnosis. Results: A total of 587 cases were diagnosed with H1N1 given an incidence rate of 3.5 per 1000. Most of the infected cases were outpatients. The study showed that H1N1 was more mon in the younger age group (median age; 22 years), and in female dependents at all ages, which differs from that reported by other researchers. Conclusion: Influenza A H1N1 was more mon in the younger age group and in female dependents, and it was more severe among pregnant women. In addition, obesity did not affect the frequency of H1N1 infection.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Ng, S.W.a , Zaghloul, S.b , Ali, H.I.c , Harrison, G.d , Popkin, B.M.e
The prevalence and trends of overweight, obesity and nutrition-related non-municable diseases in the Arabian Gulf States
(2011) Obesity Reviews, 12 (1), pp. 1-13. Cited 1 time.

a Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
b Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, Manoa, United States
c Department of Nutrition and Health, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
d Department of Community Health Services and Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
e Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States

Abstract
This paper reviews studies on the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related nutrition-related non-municable diseases in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Obesity is mon among women; while men have an equal or higher overweight prevalence. Among adults, overweight plus obesity rates are especially high in Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, and especially among 30-60 year olds (70-85% among men; 75-88% among women), with lower levels among younger and elderly adults. The rate of increase in obesity was pronounced in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Prevalence of obesity is high among Kuwaiti and Saudi pre-schoolers (8-9%), while adolescent overweight and obesity are among the highest in the world, with Kuwait having the worst estimates (40-46%); however, parison of child data is difficult because of differing standards. Among nutrition-related non-municable diseases, hypertension and diabetes levels are very high and increase with age, with the UAE performing the worst because of a rapid rate of increase between 1995 and 2000. Additional monitoring of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cancers is necessary. Nationally representative longitudinal surveys with individual, household and munity-level information are needed to determine the importance of various factors that contribute to these troubling trends. © 2010 The Authors. obesity reviews © 2010 International Association for the Study of Obesity.

Author Keywords
Gulf; Obesity; Overweight; Prevalence

Document Type: Review
Source: Scopus

Alghamdi, K.M.
The use of topical bleaching agents among women: A cross-sectional study of knowledge, attitude and practices
(2010) Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 24 (10), pp. 1214-1219.

Dermatology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Background Although the practice of bleaching is mon worldwide, there are few studies that discuss knowledge, attitudes and practices towards bleaching. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards the usage of topical bleaching agents among women. Methods A self-administered questionnaire on the use of bleaching creams was distributed randomly to women attending the outpatient clinics at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia during 2008. Results Five hundred and nine of 620 women responded (82% response rate). All the participants had dark skin (skin type 4-5). The mean age was 29.22 ± 9 years. Of the participants, 38.9% (197/506) were current users of bleaching agents. Only 26.7% (106/397) of the respondents used bleaching agents for medical purposes to treat localized abnormal skin hyper-pigmentation; 20.8% (101/485) were ready to use any bleaching cream that gives fast results, even if the ponents were unknown. Of the respondents, 30% (152/509) used more than 100 g of bleaching creams monthly. These products were applied to the whole body in 7.3% of the cases. While 10.3% (28/271) continued applying the bleaching products during pregnancy, 20.8% (54/260) did so during lactation. No associations could be found between the various sociodemographic variables and differences in the attitude towards and practice of using bleaching creams. Conclusion A major proportion of our sample respondents have overused and/or misused bleaching agents. This was regardless of age, ine, education or marital status. There is a need to educate women about the possible risks. © 2010 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.

Author Keywords
attitudes; bleaching agents; de-pigmentation; knowledge; misuse; overuse; practices

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

El-Gilany, A.-H.a , Hammad, S.b
Body mass index and obstetric outes in pregnant in Saudi Arabia: A prospective cohort study
(2010) Annals of Saudi Medicine, 30 (5), pp. 376-380+421. Cited 1 time.

a College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
b From the Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Background and Objectives: We examined the effect of body mass index in early pregnancy on pregnancy oute since no study in Saudi Arabia has addressed this question. Methods: This prospective cohort study involved women registered for antenatal care during the first month of pregnancy at primary health care centers in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected from records and by direct interview. Results: The study included 787 women. Compared to normal weight women (n=307), overweight (n=187) and obese (n=226) women were at increased risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension (RR=4.9 [95% CI 1.6-11.1] and 6.1 [95% CI 2.1-17.8], respectively), gestational diabetes (RR=4.4 [95% CI 1.2-16.3] and 8.6 [95% CI 2.6-28.8]), preeclamptic toxemia (RR=3.8 [95% CI 1.1-14.6] and 5.9 [95% CI 1.7-20.4]), urinary tract infections (RR=1.4 [95% CI 0.5-3.9] and 3.7 [95% CI 1.7-6.2]), and cesarean delivery (RR=2.0 [95% CI 1.3-3.0] in obese women). Neonates born to obese women had an increased risk for postdate pregnancy (RR=3.7 [95% CI 1.2-11.6]), macrosomia (RR=6.8 [95% CI 1.5-30.7]), low 1-minute Apgar score (RR=1.9 [95% CI 1.1-3.6]), and admission to neonatal care units (RR=2.1 [95% CI 1.2-2.7]). On the other hand, low birth weight was less frequent among obese women (RR=0.5 [95% CI 0.3-0.9]) while the risk was high among underweight women (RR=2.3 [95% CI 1.4-3.8]). Conclusion: Even with adequate prenatal care, overweight and obesity can adversely affect pregnancy outes.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Trainer, S.S.
Body image, health, and modernity: Women's perspectives and experiences in the United Arab Emirates
(2010) Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 22 (3), pp. 60S-67S.

Zayed University, PO Box 19282, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Abstract
The countries of the Arab Gulf have experienced accelerated development and urbanization over the last 50 years. Changes in health have likewise been dramatic: Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the UAE now have some of the highest proportions of obese/overweight people in the world, with correspondingly high rates of chronic disease. In the UAE, particularly high rates of obesity/overweight have been reported among middle-aged Emirati women, but other problems relating to health and nutrition are starting to be identified in younger age groups as well. This article describes preliminary data from a project among young Emirati women in the UAE. This study examines how these women cope with the increased availability of fast food, changing work patterns, and evolving ideas about body image, "risk," and health within a larger context of increasing chronic disease and weight gain throughout the UAE. © 2010 APJPH.

Author Keywords
body image; development; nutrition transition; obesity/overweight; underweight; United Arab Emirates; women

Document Type: Conference Paper
Source: Scopus

Mabry, R.M.a b , Reeves, M.M.b , Eakin, E.G.b , Owen, N.b
Gender differences in prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: A systematic review
(2010) Diabetic Medicine, 27 (5), pp. 593-597. Cited 4 times.

a Office of the WHO Representative, Muscat, Oman
b Cancer Prevention Research Centre, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia

Abstract
Aims To systematically review studies documenting the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among men and women in Member States of the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC; Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) - countries in which obesity, Type 2 diabetes and related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases are highly prevalent. Methods A search was conducted on PubMed and CINAHL using the term 'metabolic syndrome' and the country name of each GCC Member State. The search was limited to studies published in the English language. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATPIII) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and/or International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions. The methodological quality of each study was evaluated based on four criteria: a national-level population sample; equal gender representation; robustness of the sample size; an explicit sampling methodology. Results PubMed, CINAHL and reference list searches identified nine relevant studies. Only four were considered high quality and found that, for men, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome ranged from 20.7% to 37.2% (ATPIII definition) and from 29.6% to 36.2% (IDF definition); and, for women, from 32.1% to 42.7% (ATPIII definition) and from 36.1% to 45.9% (IDF definition). Conclusions Overall, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the GCC states is some 10-15% higher than in most developed countries, with generally higher prevalence rates for women. Preventive strategies will require identifying socio-demographic and environmental correlates (particularly those influencing women) and addressing modifiable risk behaviours, including lack of physical activity, prolonged sitting time and dietary intake. © 2010 Diabetes UK.

Author Keywords
Gulf Cooperative Council; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Prevalence

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

El-Gilany, A.-H.a , El-Wehady, A.b
Prevalence of obesity in a saudi obstetric population
(2009) Obesity Facts, 2 (4), pp. 217-220. Cited 1 time.

a Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
b Al-Hassa Directorate of Health, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of obesity and its determinants during the first month of gestation in Saudi women. Methods: Retrospective chart review of measured BMI in Al-Hassa, the largest province in Saudi Arabia, in 2007. Data were collected from records of 791 (72.6% of 1,089) pregnant women registered for prenatal care. Results: Height shows a normal Gaussian distribution, whereas weight is skewed positively (skewness of 0.77). The prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) were 8.5, 39.3, 23.6, 23.9, and 4.7%, respectively. Logistic regression revealed that the most important significant independent predictors of obesity are parity of 4 and more (odds ratio (OR) = 5.8) and urban residence (OR = 4.9). Conclusion: Overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity are mon (>52%) among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. Health education to control body weight before pregnancy is warranted. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Author Keywords
BMI; Body mass index; Obesity; Obstetric population; Overweight; Saudi Arabia

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Al-Ruhaily, A.D., Malabu, U.H., Sulimani, R.A.
Hirsutism in Saudi females of reproductive age: A hospital-based study
(2008) Annals of Saudi Medicine, 28 (1), pp. 28-32.

Department of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, PO Box 7805, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Background: Hirsutism among women of fertile age is monly seen in clinical practice, but the pattern of the disease in Saudi Arabs has not been studied. The aim of the study was to determine the clinical, biochemical and etiologic features of hirsutism in Saudi females. Methods: 101 Saudi Arab Women presenting with hirsutism at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2005 were prospectively assessed using the recently approved diagnostic guidelines for hyperandrogenic women with hirsutism. Results: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was the cause of hirsutism in 83 patients (82%) followed by idiopathic hirsutism (IH) in 11 patients (11%). Others causes of hirsutism included late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia in 4 patients (4%), microprolactinoma in 2 (2%) and Cushing's syndrome in 1 (1 %) patient. Age at presentation of PCOS was 24.5±6.6 years (mean±SD) and 51% of the subjects were obese. Furthermore, 74 (89%) of patients with PCOS had an oligo/ anovulatory cycle while the remaining 9 patients (11 %) maintained normal regular menstrual cycle. Luteinizing hormone and total testosterone were significantly higher in patients with PCOS than in those with lH (P<.05). Conclusions: The present data show PCOS to be the monest cause of hirsutism in our clinical practice and PCOS is prominent amongst young obese females. However, further studies on a larger scale are needed to verify our findings.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Al-Qahtani, D.A., Imtiaz, M.L., Saad, O.S., Hussein, N.M.
A parison of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi adult females using two definitions
(2006) Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 4 (3), pp. 204-214. Cited 5 times.

Department of Primary Health Care, Northern Area Armed Forces Hospital, Post Box 10018, KKMC, Hafr Al-Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi adult women aged 18 years and above using the criteria of International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (mNCEP-ATPIII). A cross-sectional survey was performed involving a group of 2577 non-pregnant Saudi women subjects aged 18-59 years residing in a military city in northern Saudi Arabia recruited from a primary care setting. Anthropometric data, together with a brief medical history, were obtained at initial contact, and laboratory investigations were performed on the following day after fasting for 12 h. Data on all variables required to define the metabolic syndrome according to IDF and mNCEP-ATPIII criteria were available for only 1922 subjects who attended the laboratory for investigations (response rate of 74.6%). Non-respondents were excluded from data analysis. Prevalence rates were estimated according to both definitions. Age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to be 16.1% and 13.6% by IDF and mNCEP-ATPIII definitions, respectively. Abdominal obesity was the most mon ponent in the study population (44.1% by mNCEP-ATPIII and 67.9% by IDF cut-off points). It was followed by low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (36.0%). About two-thirds of the subjects (66.4% by mNCEP-ATPIII and 67.9% by IDF definitions) exhibited at least one criterion for metabolic syndrome by both definitions. Mean values and prevalence of individual ponents of the syndrome showed a steady rise with increase in age, general and abdominal obesity, and the presence of diabetes. Since the cut-off values for waist circumference by IDF definition were lower, prevalence rates by this definition were higher than those defined by mNCEP-ATPIII. High prevalence rates in this young sample predict a sharp rise in the prevalence rates of this syndrome among Saudi women over the next few years. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Al-Harithy, R.N., Al-Doghaither, H., Abualnaja, K.
Correlation of leptin and sex hormones with endocrine changes in healthy Saudi women of different body weights
(2006) Annals of Saudi Medicine, 26 (2), pp. 110-115. Cited 2 times.

Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 40288, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Background: A relationship between estrogen and leptin has been described during the follicular phase of both spontaneous menstrual cycles and cycles stimulated with exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which suggest that leptin has either a direct effect on or is regulated by gonadal steroids in the human ovary. To examine the changes in plasma leptin levels during the menstrual cycle, we studied the association between plasma leptin and reproductive hormones in young, healthy Saudi women. Subjects and methods: Sixty-five young women between 19 to 39 years of age, with a normal menstrual cycle, were grouped into 33 overweight and obese females of BMI >25 kg/m2, and 32 lean females of BMI <25 kg/m2. Anthropometrics measurements were made at the time of the collection. Samples were analyzed for leptin, progesterone, estradiol (E2), FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), cortisol, and testosterone concentrations. Results: Overweight and obese women, pared with lean, tended to have a significantly higher plasma leptin levels (11.38±4.06 vs. 6.22±2.87 ng/mL; P=0.05). In overweight and obese subjects, circulating leptin concentrations showed a direct correlation with BMI (r=0.53; P=0.002), hip circumference (r=0.32; P=0.005), waist-hip ratio (r=0.37; P=0.042), weight (r=0.41; P=0.021), and E2 on day 3 (r=0.35; P=0.048). In all correlation analyses, leptin levels did not correlate with cortisol or testosterone. In lean subjects, a bivariate correlation analysis showed that plasma leptin concentrations were directly correlated to hip circumference (r=0.43; P=0.012). Moreover, a direct correlation was found with progesterone on day 10 (r=0.43; P=0.014) and E2 on day 24 (r=0.47; P=0.007). Conclusion: There is a link between plasma leptin and progesterone concentrations during the menstrual cycle, and the variation in circulating estradiol concentrations may have an influence on circulating leptin in female subjects.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Al-Harithy, R.N.
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in women. Relationships with body mass index, insulin and glucose levels
(2003) Saudi Medical Journal, 24 (8), pp. 837-841. Cited 5 times.

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, PO Box 40288, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Objectives: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEA-S) are the most abundant steroids in human plasma. Previous studies have shown that administration of DHEA-S is more effective than DHEA in reducing adipose tissue mass and cellularity in rats. Another study suggested that maintaining high levels of DHEA-S might prevent the development of obesity. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) levels with respect to obesity, fasting insulin and glucose levels in a cohort of obese and normal weight healthy Saudi women. Methods: This study was carried out at King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the year 2001. A total of 65 healthy volunteers between 19-30 years of age with body mass index (BMI) of 15.35-38.30 kg/m2 were grouped into 26 young obese females of BMI >27 kg/m2 and 39 young lean females of BMI <27 kg/m2. Weight, height, waist and hip circumference, fasting blood glucose, insulin and DHEA-S levels were measured. Results: Dehydroepiandrosterone-S levels were found lower in the obese group than in the lean women. In all subjects, DHEA-S levels were related negatively with BMI (p=0.02, correlation co-efficient [r]=-0.25) and hip circumference (p=0.03, r=-0.27). In the obese group, DHEA-S levels showed a significant positive relationship with insulin (p=0.03, r=0.43). No significant relationship was found between DHEA-S and glucose levels in considering either the whole group or the obese women. Conclusion: Hip circumference, as a corollary for peripheral obesity, was better associated with DHEA-S than the waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio. The data indicated that BMI and hip circumference are important factors in explaining DHEA-S variability. Insulin could have an independent regulatory effect on DHEA-S secretion, but glucose metabolism is not related.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

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Herzallah, H.K., Bubshait, S.A., Antony, A.K., Al-Otaibi, S.T.
Incidence of influenza A H1N1 2009 infection in Eastern Saudi Arabian hospitals
(2011) Saudi Medical Journal, 32 (6), pp. 598-602.

Preventive Medicine Services Division, Dhahran Health Center, PO Box 09384, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Objectives: To describe the clinical and epidemiologic features of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) cases. Methods: This study was conducted in Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization (SAMSO) facilities in the Eastern province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Electronic medical records for H1N1 infected patients who visited SAMSO between June and October 2009 were reviewed retrospectively. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from suspected patients, and sent to the Ministry of Health (MOH) Regional Laboratory in Dammam, KSA to confirm the diagnosis. Results: A total of 587 cases were diagnosed with H1N1 given an incidence rate of 3.5 per 1000. Most of the infected cases were outpatients. The study showed that H1N1 was more mon in the younger age group (median age; 22 years), and in female dependents at all ages, which differs from that reported by other researchers. Conclusion: Influenza A H1N1 was more mon in the younger age group and in female dependents, and it was more severe among pregnant women. In addition, obesity did not affect the frequency of H1N1 infection.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Ng, S.W.a , Zaghloul, S.b , Ali, H.I.c , Harrison, G.d , Popkin, B.M.e
The prevalence and trends of overweight, obesity and nutrition-related non-municable diseases in the Arabian Gulf States
(2011) Obesity Reviews, 12 (1), pp. 1-13. Cited 1 time.

a Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
b Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, Manoa, United States
c Department of Nutrition and Health, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
d Department of Community Health Services and Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
e Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States

Abstract
This paper reviews studies on the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related nutrition-related non-municable diseases in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Obesity is mon among women; while men have an equal or higher overweight prevalence. Among adults, overweight plus obesity rates are especially high in Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, and especially among 30-60 year olds (70-85% among men; 75-88% among women), with lower levels among younger and elderly adults. The rate of increase in obesity was pronounced in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Prevalence of obesity is high among Kuwaiti and Saudi pre-schoolers (8-9%), while adolescent overweight and obesity are among the highest in the world, with Kuwait having the worst estimates (40-46%); however, parison of child data is difficult because of differing standards. Among nutrition-related non-municable diseases, hypertension and diabetes levels are very high and increase with age, with the UAE performing the worst because of a rapid rate of increase between 1995 and 2000. Additional monitoring of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cancers is necessary. Nationally representative longitudinal surveys with individual, household and munity-level information are needed to determine the importance of various factors that contribute to these troubling trends. © 2010 The Authors. obesity reviews © 2010 International Association for the Study of Obesity.

Author Keywords
Gulf; Obesity; Overweight; Prevalence

Document Type: Review
Source: Scopus

Alghamdi, K.M.
The use of topical bleaching agents among women: A cross-sectional study of knowledge, attitude and practices
(2010) Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 24 (10), pp. 1214-1219.

Dermatology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Background Although the practice of bleaching is mon worldwide, there are few studies that discuss knowledge, attitudes and practices towards bleaching. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards the usage of topical bleaching agents among women. Methods A self-administered questionnaire on the use of bleaching creams was distributed randomly to women attending the outpatient clinics at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia during 2008. Results Five hundred and nine of 620 women responded (82% response rate). All the participants had dark skin (skin type 4-5). The mean age was 29.22 ± 9 years. Of the participants, 38.9% (197/506) were current users of bleaching agents. Only 26.7% (106/397) of the respondents used bleaching agents for medical purposes to treat localized abnormal skin hyper-pigmentation; 20.8% (101/485) were ready to use any bleaching cream that gives fast results, even if the ponents were unknown. Of the respondents, 30% (152/509) used more than 100 g of bleaching creams monthly. These products were applied to the whole body in 7.3% of the cases. While 10.3% (28/271) continued applying the bleaching products during pregnancy, 20.8% (54/260) did so during lactation. No associations could be found between the various sociodemographic variables and differences in the attitude towards and practice of using bleaching creams. Conclusion A major proportion of our sample respondents have overused and/or misused bleaching agents. This was regardless of age, ine, education or marital status. There is a need to educate women about the possible risks. © 2010 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.

Author Keywords
attitudes; bleaching agents; de-pigmentation; knowledge; misuse; overuse; practices

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

El-Gilany, A.-H.a , Hammad, S.b
Body mass index and obstetric outes in pregnant in Saudi Arabia: A prospective cohort study
(2010) Annals of Saudi Medicine, 30 (5), pp. 376-380+421. Cited 1 time.

a College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
b From the Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Background and Objectives: We examined the effect of body mass index in early pregnancy on pregnancy oute since no study in Saudi Arabia has addressed this question. Methods: This prospective cohort study involved women registered for antenatal care during the first month of pregnancy at primary health care centers in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected from records and by direct interview. Results: The study included 787 women. Compared to normal weight women (n=307), overweight (n=187) and obese (n=226) women were at increased risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension (RR=4.9 [95% CI 1.6-11.1] and 6.1 [95% CI 2.1-17.8], respectively), gestational diabetes (RR=4.4 [95% CI 1.2-16.3] and 8.6 [95% CI 2.6-28.8]), preeclamptic toxemia (RR=3.8 [95% CI 1.1-14.6] and 5.9 [95% CI 1.7-20.4]), urinary tract infections (RR=1.4 [95% CI 0.5-3.9] and 3.7 [95% CI 1.7-6.2]), and cesarean delivery (RR=2.0 [95% CI 1.3-3.0] in obese women). Neonates born to obese women had an increased risk for postdate pregnancy (RR=3.7 [95% CI 1.2-11.6]), macrosomia (RR=6.8 [95% CI 1.5-30.7]), low 1-minute Apgar score (RR=1.9 [95% CI 1.1-3.6]), and admission to neonatal care units (RR=2.1 [95% CI 1.2-2.7]). On the other hand, low birth weight was less frequent among obese women (RR=0.5 [95% CI 0.3-0.9]) while the risk was high among underweight women (RR=2.3 [95% CI 1.4-3.8]). Conclusion: Even with adequate prenatal care, overweight and obesity can adversely affect pregnancy outes.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Trainer, S.S.
Body image, health, and modernity: Women's perspectives and experiences in the United Arab Emirates
(2010) Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 22 (3), pp. 60S-67S.

Zayed University, PO Box 19282, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Abstract
The countries of the Arab Gulf have experienced accelerated development and urbanization over the last 50 years. Changes in health have likewise been dramatic: Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the UAE now have some of the highest proportions of obese/overweight people in the world, with correspondingly high rates of chronic disease. In the UAE, particularly high rates of obesity/overweight have been reported among middle-aged Emirati women, but other problems relating to health and nutrition are starting to be identified in younger age groups as well. This article describes preliminary data from a project among young Emirati women in the UAE. This study examines how these women cope with the increased availability of fast food, changing work patterns, and evolving ideas about body image, "risk," and health within a larger context of increasing chronic disease and weight gain throughout the UAE. © 2010 APJPH.

Author Keywords
body image; development; nutrition transition; obesity/overweight; underweight; United Arab Emirates; women

Document Type: Conference Paper
Source: Scopus

Mabry, R.M.a b , Reeves, M.M.b , Eakin, E.G.b , Owen, N.b
Gender differences in prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: A systematic review
(2010) Diabetic Medicine, 27 (5), pp. 593-597. Cited 4 times.

a Office of the WHO Representative, Muscat, Oman
b Cancer Prevention Research Centre, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia

Abstract
Aims To systematically review studies documenting the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among men and women in Member States of the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC; Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) - countries in which obesity, Type 2 diabetes and related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases are highly prevalent. Methods A search was conducted on PubMed and CINAHL using the term 'metabolic syndrome' and the country name of each GCC Member State. The search was limited to studies published in the English language. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATPIII) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and/or International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions. The methodological quality of each study was evaluated based on four criteria: a national-level population sample; equal gender representation; robustness of the sample size; an explicit sampling methodology. Results PubMed, CINAHL and reference list searches identified nine relevant studies. Only four were considered high quality and found that, for men, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome ranged from 20.7% to 37.2% (ATPIII definition) and from 29.6% to 36.2% (IDF definition); and, for women, from 32.1% to 42.7% (ATPIII definition) and from 36.1% to 45.9% (IDF definition). Conclusions Overall, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the GCC states is some 10-15% higher than in most developed countries, with generally higher prevalence rates for women. Preventive strategies will require identifying socio-demographic and environmental correlates (particularly those influencing women) and addressing modifiable risk behaviours, including lack of physical activity, prolonged sitting time and dietary intake. © 2010 Diabetes UK.

Author Keywords
Gulf Cooperative Council; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Prevalence

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

El-Gilany, A.-H.a , El-Wehady, A.b
Prevalence of obesity in a saudi obstetric population
(2009) Obesity Facts, 2 (4), pp. 217-220. Cited 1 time.

a Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
b Al-Hassa Directorate of Health, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of obesity and its determinants during the first month of gestation in Saudi women. Methods: Retrospective chart review of measured BMI in Al-Hassa, the largest province in Saudi Arabia, in 2007. Data were collected from records of 791 (72.6% of 1,089) pregnant women registered for prenatal care. Results: Height shows a normal Gaussian distribution, whereas weight is skewed positively (skewness of 0.77). The prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) were 8.5, 39.3, 23.6, 23.9, and 4.7%, respectively. Logistic regression revealed that the most important significant independent predictors of obesity are parity of 4 and more (odds ratio (OR) = 5.8) and urban residence (OR = 4.9). Conclusion: Overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity are mon (>52%) among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. Health education to control body weight before pregnancy is warranted. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Author Keywords
BMI; Body mass index; Obesity; Obstetric population; Overweight; Saudi Arabia

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Al-Ruhaily, A.D., Malabu, U.H., Sulimani, R.A.
Hirsutism in Saudi females of reproductive age: A hospital-based study
(2008) Annals of Saudi Medicine, 28 (1), pp. 28-32.

Department of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, PO Box 7805, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Background: Hirsutism among women of fertile age is monly seen in clinical practice, but the pattern of the disease in Saudi Arabs has not been studied. The aim of the study was to determine the clinical, biochemical and etiologic features of hirsutism in Saudi females. Methods: 101 Saudi Arab Women presenting with hirsutism at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2005 were prospectively assessed using the recently approved diagnostic guidelines for hyperandrogenic women with hirsutism. Results: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was the cause of hirsutism in 83 patients (82%) followed by idiopathic hirsutism (IH) in 11 patients (11%). Others causes of hirsutism included late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia in 4 patients (4%), microprolactinoma in 2 (2%) and Cushing's syndrome in 1 (1 %) patient. Age at presentation of PCOS was 24.5±6.6 years (mean±SD) and 51% of the subjects were obese. Furthermore, 74 (89%) of patients with PCOS had an oligo/ anovulatory cycle while the remaining 9 patients (11 %) maintained normal regular menstrual cycle. Luteinizing hormone and total testosterone were significantly higher in patients with PCOS than in those with lH (P<.05). Conclusions: The present data show PCOS to be the monest cause of hirsutism in our clinical practice and PCOS is prominent amongst young obese females. However, further studies on a larger scale are needed to verify our findings.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Al-Qahtani, D.A., Imtiaz, M.L., Saad, O.S., Hussein, N.M.
A parison of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi adult females using two definitions
(2006) Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 4 (3), pp. 204-214. Cited 5 times.

Department of Primary Health Care, Northern Area Armed Forces Hospital, Post Box 10018, KKMC, Hafr Al-Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi adult women aged 18 years and above using the criteria of International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (mNCEP-ATPIII). A cross-sectional survey was performed involving a group of 2577 non-pregnant Saudi women subjects aged 18-59 years residing in a military city in northern Saudi Arabia recruited from a primary care setting. Anthropometric data, together with a brief medical history, were obtained at initial contact, and laboratory investigations were performed on the following day after fasting for 12 h. Data on all variables required to define the metabolic syndrome according to IDF and mNCEP-ATPIII criteria were available for only 1922 subjects who attended the laboratory for investigations (response rate of 74.6%). Non-respondents were excluded from data analysis. Prevalence rates were estimated according to both definitions. Age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to be 16.1% and 13.6% by IDF and mNCEP-ATPIII definitions, respectively. Abdominal obesity was the most mon ponent in the study population (44.1% by mNCEP-ATPIII and 67.9% by IDF cut-off points). It was followed by low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (36.0%). About two-thirds of the subjects (66.4% by mNCEP-ATPIII and 67.9% by IDF definitions) exhibited at least one criterion for metabolic syndrome by both definitions. Mean values and prevalence of individual ponents of the syndrome showed a steady rise with increase in age, general and abdominal obesity, and the presence of diabetes. Since the cut-off values for waist circumference by IDF definition were lower, prevalence rates by this definition were higher than those defined by mNCEP-ATPIII. High prevalence rates in this young sample predict a sharp rise in the prevalence rates of this syndrome among Saudi women over the next few years. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Al-Harithy, R.N., Al-Doghaither, H., Abualnaja, K.
Correlation of leptin and sex hormones with endocrine changes in healthy Saudi women of different body weights
(2006) Annals of Saudi Medicine, 26 (2), pp. 110-115. Cited 2 times.

Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 40288, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Background: A relationship between estrogen and leptin has been described during the follicular phase of both spontaneous menstrual cycles and cycles stimulated with exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which suggest that leptin has either a direct effect on or is regulated by gonadal steroids in the human ovary. To examine the changes in plasma leptin levels during the menstrual cycle, we studied the association between plasma leptin and reproductive hormones in young, healthy Saudi women. Subjects and methods: Sixty-five young women between 19 to 39 years of age, with a normal menstrual cycle, were grouped into 33 overweight and obese females of BMI >25 kg/m2, and 32 lean females of BMI <25 kg/m2. Anthropometrics measurements were made at the time of the collection. Samples were analyzed for leptin, progesterone, estradiol (E2), FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), cortisol, and testosterone concentrations. Results: Overweight and obese women, pared with lean, tended to have a significantly higher plasma leptin levels (11.38±4.06 vs. 6.22±2.87 ng/mL; P=0.05). In overweight and obese subjects, circulating leptin concentrations showed a direct correlation with BMI (r=0.53; P=0.002), hip circumference (r=0.32; P=0.005), waist-hip ratio (r=0.37; P=0.042), weight (r=0.41; P=0.021), and E2 on day 3 (r=0.35; P=0.048). In all correlation analyses, leptin levels did not correlate with cortisol or testosterone. In lean subjects, a bivariate correlation analysis showed that plasma leptin concentrations were directly correlated to hip circumference (r=0.43; P=0.012). Moreover, a direct correlation was found with progesterone on day 10 (r=0.43; P=0.014) and E2 on day 24 (r=0.47; P=0.007). Conclusion: There is a link between plasma leptin and progesterone concentrations during the menstrual cycle, and the variation in circulating estradiol concentrations may have an influence on circulating leptin in female subjects.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

Al-Harithy, R.N.
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in women. Relationships with body mass index, insulin and glucose levels
(2003) Saudi Medical Journal, 24 (8), pp. 837-841. Cited 5 times.

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, PO Box 40288, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Objectives: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEA-S) are the most abundant steroids in human plasma. Previous studies have shown that administration of DHEA-S is more effective than DHEA in reducing adipose tissue mass and cellularity in rats. Another study suggested that maintaining high levels of DHEA-S might prevent the development of obesity. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) levels with respect to obesity, fasting insulin and glucose levels in a cohort of obese and normal weight healthy Saudi women. Methods: This study was carried out at King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the year 2001. A total of 65 healthy volunteers between 19-30 years of age with body mass index (BMI) of 15.35-38.30 kg/m2 were grouped into 26 young obese females of BMI >27 kg/m2 and 39 young lean females of BMI <27 kg/m2. Weight, height, waist and hip circumference, fasting blood glucose, insulin and DHEA-S levels were measured. Results: Dehydroepiandrosterone-S levels were found lower in the obese group than in the lean women. In all subjects, DHEA-S levels were related negatively with BMI (p=0.02, correlation co-efficient [r]=-0.25) and hip circumference (p=0.03, r=-0.27). In the obese group, DHEA-S levels showed a significant positive relationship with insulin (p=0.03, r=0.43). No significant relationship was found between DHEA-S and glucose levels in considering either the whole group or the obese women. Conclusion: Hip circumference, as a corollary for peripheral obesity, was better associated with DHEA-S than the waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio. The data indicated that BMI and hip circumference are important factors in explaining DHEA-S variability. Insulin could have an independent regulatory effect on DHEA-S secretion, but glucose metabolism is not related.

Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus

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