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Essay Instructions: RESEARCH METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE COURSE
12FONT DOUBLE SPACE TIME ROMAN,TITLE PAGE DOES NOT COUNT,TABLE OF ONTENTS SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN PROJECT NUMERATION

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Give a brief summary of your problem.Explain what you are trying to ascertain.Give background of what previous researchers have concluded.Your statement of your problem should not be longer than a paragraph.

Introduction:General Background,Specific Background,and Significance of the study.


Specific research Question(s)

LITERAYURE REVIEW
(Note: Discuss the major contributors to your general topic of interest.Secondly discuss literature that is uniquely relevant to the study.Literature reviews are not very different from what you might find from what you might call a short term paper.Read available literature on a topic; analyze the findings,organize the findings in a logical manner,write a summary.You should include some of the following points in you review.What research has been previously done?Are the findings consistent?What are the flaws or limitation of the existening research?How will your research contibute to the existing body of literature?The number of references varies,however anywhere from 10 to 20 sources are common.It is not necessary to discuss each article in great detail.Focus on major articles;focus on those studies that relate to your specific topic of interest,your theory of interest,and/or methodology of interest 4-5 pages

Hypotheses/Variables(Research Questions/Definitions of Terms)
Hypothesses or research question
Definitions of Terms
Variables:Dependent variable and Independent variable

State your hypotheses or research questions.What are the key variables in your study?How will you define and measure them?Do your definitions and measurement methods duplicate or differ from previous studies?It is okay if your research duplicate other measurements(MINIMUM OF ONE PAGE)

METHODS AND PRCEDURES
RESEARCH DESIGN

Example research question---Do HBCUs have higher retention rates for african americans than non HBCUs?
Example research hypothesis---HBCUs have higher retention rates for their AFRICAN American students than non-HBCUs



INSTRUMENTATION-A Survey instrument collects data may be any type of orginal or published test,survey,(QUESTIONAIRES)INTRODUCTION SHEET DISTRIBUTED TO PARTICIPANTS,Include selection criteria for the instrument.Remember that it is not uncommon for instruments be considered in terms of their validity.Do they measure what they are supposed to measure?Reliability is another concern.Reliability measures may be present by certain statistical procedures such as correlation coefficents.Still, other common reliability assessment techniques are discussed in your text

SAMPLING-Here is the opportunity yo discuss how the projects of your study are to be selected.If your study requires a sample, your first task is to determine the group to be sampled.Sampling techniques are quite varied.Common sampling methods include random sampling,stratified sampling,cluster sampling,and several others.Selecting the optimal sampling method requires that you consider population diversity and other research issues.The question of"How large the sample? is a challenging question.Unfortunately there is not easy answer.
Minimum of 30 plus subjects per group strata

ANALYSIS-Indicate what kind of analysis you plan to conduct.What is the purpose and logic of your analysis?What statistical processes and procedures will be applied throughout the study?State the reason for selecting a certain procedure.

BRIEFLY Discuss the limitations of the study and make recmmendations and suggestions regarding how future studies may expand or improve upon existing studies.All studies have limitations.Be open and honest when discussing limitations.

REFERENCES
CITE ALL REFERENCES USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS RESEARCH REPORT/Recommendations of THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION(ASA)MANUAL IS HELP FOR THIS COURSE


REFEERNCES ENTRIES MUST BE BE FROM SCHOLARLY JOURNALS, BOOKS AND GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS.ARTICLES FROM NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED.ALL OF THE REFERENCES MUST BE ORGANIZED INTO A BIBLIOGRAPHY AT THE END OF THE PROJECT.

whenever you use someones work, you must properly cite the work within the text(authors last names and year)

Example: note the underline phrases.According to (ALVIN POSSAINT(1986),black female- headed households are the most prevalent in the black community today

THE Bibliography should be in the American Sociological Associations (ASA) format

Example
(BOOK)
Herod,Augustinia and Charles C.Herod.1986. afro-american nationalism.new york:Garland Publishing

Example
(JOURNAL ARTICLE)
Simons,ronaldl.phyllis gray.1989"Percieved blocked opportunity as a causes of deliquency among black, lower-class youth."Journal of research in crime and Delinquency 26(1):90-101

Example
Deon Brock,Nigel Cohen,Jonathan sorensen.American Journal of Criminal Law.Austin:Fall200,Vol 28, Iss 1;pg.43,29 pgs

Examples
JOURNALS(A Partial listing)
-Criminology
-Journal of Criminology and Criminal Law
-Justice quarterly
-Crime and delinquency
-Journal of Quanitative Criminology
-Police and society
-Criminal justice and behavior

FINAL ORDER OF DOCUMENTS
1-TOPIC/RESEARCH QUESTION
2-STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
3-INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
4-HYPOTHESIS
5-INTRODUCTION
6-REVIEW OF LITERATURE&THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
7-DEFINITIONS
8-METHODS(PARTICIPANTS IN RESEARCH, PROCEDURE, INSTURUMENTS AND SAMPLE)
9-SURVEY/QUESTIONAIRES(30-35 QUESTIONS)-MUST HAVE DIRECTIONS
10-CONSENT FORM(THIS IS A FORM THAT IS GIVEN TO PARTCIPANTS BEFORE QUESTIONAIRE IS GIVEN)
11-ANALYSIS AND RESULTS(INCLUDE SURVEYS/QUESTIONAIRES RESULTS)
12-ANALYSIS OF DATA(FINDINGS)
13-CONCLUSION(RECOMMENDATIONS)
14-REFERENCE LIST

TOPIC FOR RESEARCH PAPER-DO AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN RECIEVE HARSHER SENTENCING IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM FOR CRIMES

PERSONAL VIEWS-
I PERSONALLY BELIEVE AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN VERSES ANY OTHER RACIAL GROUP RECIEVE HARSHER SENTENCING IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM WITHOUT GIVEN OTHER OPPORTUNITES AND FOR THAT INDIVIDUAL I AM VERY DISAPPOINTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE FOR OVER LOOKING A GROUP OF WOMEN THAT TO BE PUNISHED SINCE THE BEGINNING OF TIME AND DUE TO MY PERSONAL EXPERIENCES OF DEALING WITH THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM WHEN I HAVE PERSONALLY SEEKED JUSTICE FOR FOR MYSELF AND JUSTICE WAS NEVER BEEN SERVED TO THE VICTIMS THAT ARE AFRICAN AMERICAN I PERSONALLY FEEL OVER LOOKED AS WELL AND I AM DEALING WITH LEGAL ISSUES ON GOING THAT COULD AFFECT MY LIVELY HOOD AT THIS PRESENT TIME AND AS A CRIMINAL JUSTICE SENIOR STUDENT AND A AFRICAN AMERICAN SINGLE MOTHER WITH A 3.3 GPA I PERSONALLY FELL VICTIM TO FEMALE STALKER THAT HAS STALKED FOR A YEAR ME AT NAIL SHOPS,CLUB AND HAS CYBER STALK ME AS WELL AND BUST OUT WINDOWS TO MY CAR AND I HAVE BEEN PHYSCIALLY ASSAULT WITH A WATER BOTTLE BEING THROWED AT ME AND SHE CALLED DCF REPORTING FALSE ALLEGATIONS TO TRY TO GET MY 2YEAR DAUGHTER OLD REMOVE FROM MY HOME, THE REASON I FEEL THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM FAILED IS BECAUSE WHEN I FOLLOWED THE DIRECTIONS OF LOCAL POLICE OFFICERS TO PURSUE A INJUCTION AFTER 5 POLICE REPORTS(RESTRAINING ORDER)I WENT TO COURT THINKING I WAS FINALLY GOING TO HAVE TO PROBLEM RESOLVED BUT IN REALITY BECAUSE THE JUDGE HAD FAVORISTISM AT THE BEGINNING THIS YOUNG LADY WAS ALLOWED TO PLACE RESTRAING ORDER AGAINST ME WHICH WILL AFFECT MY CHANCE OF GETTING EMPLOYMENT AFTER I GRADUATE THIS MAY I FEEL SO DISCOURAGED AFTER ALL MY HARD WORK AND DEALING WITH SO MANY OBSSTACLES ONLY TO BE SLAPPED IN THE FACE WITH A JUDGE CAN DISREGARD FACTS OUT OF SPITE,AND THE JUDGE DISREGARDED MY 3 WITNESS AND MY LAWYER AND THE JUDGE GRANTED THE STALKER THE UPPER HAND I FEEL AS IF I FELL THROUGH THE CRACKS DEALING WITH CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IS SO BACKWARDS/-I JUST WANTED THE WRITER TO BE ABLE TO ADD A PERSONAL TOUCH
MY NAME IS LATASHA TANNER

Essay Instructions: Research Methods I Article Critique: I will be e-mailing you the article.

Using the following outline below, evaluate the strengths and weakness of this study's context and results. Your discussion should address the specific issues/topics listed in the outline below. Be sure to go beyond describing the study to evaluating/ critiquing the research methods utilized. Use specific examples and details from the study to substantiate your points. Please integrate research concepts.

Context:
Research questions/hypothesis addressed
Rationale and importance of study
Relevance of study goals to issues of diversity (i.e. gender, race, culture, class, sexual orientation)
State of knowledge in field (as evidenced from the literature review)
Theoretical/conceptual framework

Methods: (evaluate each of the following topics)
Subjects (sample selection criteria, sampling strategy, sample size, ethical issues, external validity)
Measures (operationalization of key independent and dependent variables, reliability, validity)
Data Collection (methods used to collect data, ethical issues, selection and training of research team)
Sensitivity of research methods to target population (i.e., gender, race, culture, class sexual orientation, youth, elders, persons with disabilities)
Research Design (type of research design utilized, attention to internal validity)

Results:
Clarity of presentation of findings in text and tables
Relevance of findings to research hypothesis
Appropriateness of conclusions based on data presented
Implications for social work practice
Unanswered research questions


Characteristics of a Good Empirical Research Article:

1. Background/Rationale:
Describes related research and theory
Reviews related research/literature
Provides rationale for study-how the study relates to or build upon findings of previous studies, how the study differs from or expands upon previous research.

2. Purpose of Research:
States the specific objectives, research questions, and/or hypothesis to be investigated in the study.

3. Measurement/Data Collection
Defines the dependent/independent variables used in the study
Provides conceptual/operational definitions of the variables
Describes the instrumens/scales used to measure the variables.
Provides data on reliability/validity of the measures.

4. Sampling/Subjects
Provides information on sampling methods used, size and characteristics of sample, limitations of sample, implications for generalizability.

5. Research Methods/Design/Procedures
Describes the procedures, design and structure of the study used to address the research question
Discusses methodological problems/limitations

6. Findings/Analysis
Reports the findings, including the statistical significance of findings
Discusses whether the findings of the study support the original hypothesis.

7. Conclusions/Discussion
Discusses the implications of the findings, the knowledge gained from the research.
Identifies research questions which remain unanswered or require further research.

Lastly, look if the article was within the last 5 years; please make sure it provides rational for the study and gives the reader enough knowledge to read study and understand it.

Please make sure to provide enough information and don't be too brief when answering each discussion. Please don't leave anything out. Thank you.

Essay Instructions: Research methods and techniques of second language teaching for the age group that you are observing in your field work. These methods may include but are not limited to:



Comprehensible input

On-going, specific, and immediate feedback

Grouping structures and techniques

Building background and vocabulary development

Student engagement

Use of technology
Describe the strategy and how it can be used with students in the classroom.

Essay Instructions: Research Methods and Techniques

At some point in the life of I/O Psychologists, we will be called to conduct empirical research activities.
Three main areas of research activities involve measurement, research design and analysis. Measurement involves measuring the extent to which variables form expected relationships; this may also include research questionnaires, measures of reliability and validity.
Research design involves establishing systematic procedures to obtain information related to factors of interest; this may include hypothesis testing, experiments, quasi experiments, field studies, and surveys.
Analyses are performed to determine, describe and identify relationships that may exist across between scores and across different measures; these may include analyses of correlation and regression.

The purpose of this section is to acknowledge major considerations involved in the conception, design, execution, analysis, and reporting of psychological research.

Discuss a research method or statistical technique with which you are familiar.
Describe the method(s) of design and analysis. Explain the context or purpose for which the method is used. Provide a description of the results yielded from the technique ? what did the data tell you?
Describe any downfalls of said technique ? what was the technique unable to tell you?
If applicable, acknowledge the scientist to whom this analysis is attributed. Please feel free to give any additional information that would facilitate understanding of your discussion.
Your response should be at least 300 words and reference a minimum of two (2) articles.
Readings
Textbooks: https://secure.coursesmart.com/login
User:: lynneboisrond (at) yahoo.com
Pass: Rigelq93
1. Textbook:
Koppes, L. (Ed) (2007). Historical perspectives in industrial and organizational psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Chapter 5: A History of I-O Psychology Educational Programs in the United States

Summative Assignment Case Studies ? Choose One

2. Articles:
Child, J. & Smith, C. (1987). The context and process of organizational transformation ? Cadbury Limited in its sector. Journal of Management Studies, 24(6), 565-593
(EBSCOhost Accession Number: AN 4554250).

Knights, D. & McCabe, D. (1999). 'Are there no limits to authority?': TQM and organizational power. Organization Studies, 20(2), 197-224. (EBSCOhost Accession
Number: AN 1999-05835-002).

Levine, H. & Rossmoore, D. (1993). Diagnosing the human threats to information technology implementation: A missing factor in systems analysis illustrated in a
case study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 10(2), 55-73. (EBSCOhost Accession Number: AN 1).

Pan, S., Pan, G., & Hsieh, M. (2006). A dual-level analysis of the capability development process: A case study of TT&T. Journal of the American Society for
Information Science & Technology, 57(13), 1814-1829. (EBSCOhost Accession Number: AN 22893723).

Prins, S. (2006). The psychodynamic perspective in organizational research: Making sense of the dynamics of direction setting in emergent collaborative processes.
Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 79(3), 335-355. (EBSCOhost Accession Number: AN 22557999).

Saka-Helmhout, A. (2007). Unravelling learning within multinational corporations. British Journal of Management, 18(3), 294-310. (EBSCOhost Accession Number: AN
26260657).

Recommended Readings

1. Articles:
Cascio, W. & Silbey, V. (1979). Utility of the assessment center as a selection device. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64(2), 107-118. (EBSCOhost Accession
Number: AN 5112753).

Murphy, K., Dzieweczynski, J., & Yang, Z. (2009). Positive manifold limits the relevance of content-matching strategies for validating selection test batteries. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 94(4), 1018-1031. (EBSCOhost Accession Number: AN apl-94-4-1018).

Recommended Websites

Academy of Management: www.aomonline.org

The Academy of Management (the Academy; AOM) is a leading professional association for scholars dedicated to creating and disseminating knowledge about
management and organizations.

American Management Association: www.amanet.org

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government agencies. This website offers seminars, webcasts, podcasts, articles and white papers, live and online training sessions. Visit this website for a review of
their comprehensive portfolio of twenty-one training subject areas.

American Psychological Association: www.apa.org

The American Psychological Association (APA) is a scientific and professional organization that represents psychology in the United States. With 150,000 members,
APA is the largest association of psychologists worldwide. Visit this website to explore issues relating psychological topics, publications, the psychology help center,
news and events, research, education, careers and membership.

American Society of Training and Development: www.astd.org

American Society of Training and Development (ASTD). ASTD is the world?s largest professional association dedicated to the Training and Development field. Visit this
website for ASTD conference and events, social networking, certifications, career management, research and publications, learning circuits and education programs.

Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Employment Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/OES/

The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) program produces employment and wage estimates for over 800 occupations. These are estimates of the number of
people employed in certain occupations, and estimates of the wages paid to them. Self-employed persons are not included in the estimates. These estimates are
available for the nation as a whole, for individual States, and for metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas; national occupational estimates for specific industries are
also available.

Organization Development Network: www.odnetwork.org

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designed to make organizations more effective.

Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology: www.SIOP.org.

Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP), a division of APA, is a membership organization that provides invaluable and reliable resources for
professionals, students and educators. Visit this website for information about membership, meetings and conferences, services, publications, jobs, and learning
resources.

Society for Human Resource Management: www.shrm.org

Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) is an organization geared to assist individuals in the Human Resource profession. Visit this website for information
on HR disciplines, certificates and certifications, awards and scholarships, HR jobs, legal issues, templates and tools, publications, research, education, conferences,
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