Essay Instructions: The Literature Review final paper should be a minimum of 7 pages and a maximum of 11 pages. Points will be reduced for papers that are under 7 pages or over 11 pages. Because this assignment will be written in APA format you will have a title page, a page with an abstract, and a reference page; this means that you should have:
o 1 page = title page
o 1 page = abstract
o 4-8 pages = essay
o 1 page = reference page
Race and discrimination in Criminal Justice IS the topic and here listed are the 5 sources that must be use also you can use other literature reviews which are relevant to the topic.
RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH?
Authors:
CRUTCHFIELD, ROBERT D.
FERNANDES, APRIL
MARTINEZ, JORGE
Source:
Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Summer2010, Vol. 100 Issue 3, p903-932, 30p
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
DISCRIMINATION in criminal justice administration -- United States
RACIAL differences
CRIME & race
IMPRISONMENT rates
CRIMINAL statistics
CRIMINAL justice administration -- United States -- History
Geographic Terms:
UNITED States
Abstract:
The article examines racial and ethnic disparity within the U.S. criminal justice system. It is attested that race differences in criminal involvement have been existent throughout the history of American criminology. The authors trace this topic from the early American antebellum period to modern sentencing practices and imprisonment statistics. Using a number of empirical studies concerned with ethic differences in the adult criminal justice system, it is argued that evidence for obvious discrimination or racial and ethnic bias has not been established. Statistics on arrests, pretrial processing procedures, trials, and sentencing decisions are analyzed.
ISSN:
00914169
Accession Number:
58547920
Crime, politics, and race.
Authors:
Gross, Samuel R.
Source:
Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Winter97, Vol. 20 Issue 2, p405, 11p
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
DISCRIMINATION in capital punishment
Geographic Terms:
UNITED States
Abstract:
Comments on the discrimination in capital punishment in the United States. Effect of death penalty on crime rate; Criminal justice policy as a major electoral issue; Role of race in crime and criminal justice; Examples of discrimination in the criminal justice system.
Lexile:
1200
Full Text Word Count:
5202
ISSN:
01934872
Accession Number:
0
Racial Incarceration Disparity among States
Authors:
Yates, Jeff1
Source:
Social Science Quarterly (University of Texas Press); Dec97, Vol. 78 Issue 4, p1001-1010, 10p, 2 Charts
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
*BLACKS -- Social conditions
*IMPRISONMENT
*RACE discrimination -- United States
*POVERTY
*SOCIAL status
Geographic Terms:
UNITED States
Abstract:
The article tests alternative explanations of racial incarceration disparity present in the U.S. society. Marxist or economic theories of racial incarceration disparity propose that the real bias in incarceration is not race, but economic class. They posit that, because of historical disadvantages, blacks are disproportionately represented in the underprivileged class. Economic elites use the criminal justice system to control the "problem" segment of society as blacks are urban poverty-stricken and unemployed. Hence, blacks are disproportionately incarcerated not because of the racial bias but because of their lack of resources and their low socioeconomic status. Racial-discrimination theories hold that racial incarceration disparity is caused by the discriminatory actions of racially biased actors in the criminal justice system. Generally, discrimination theories assert that whites perceive blacks as a social threat, have negative attitudes toward them, and, consequently, engage in discriminatory actions against them.
Author Affiliations:
1University of Geia.
ISSN:
00384941
Accession Number:
127256
Racially Biased Policing: Determinants of Citizen Perceptions
Author(s):
Weitzer, Ronald ; Tuch, Steven A.
Source:
Social Forces, v83 n3 p1009-1030 Mar 2005. 22 pp.
Peer Reviewed:
Yes
ISSN:
0037-7732
Descriptors:
Neighborhoods, Race, Racial Discrimination, Racial Relations, News Media, Racial Bias, National Surveys, News Reporting, Police, Data
Identifiers:
United States
Abstract:
The current controversy surrounding racial profiling in America has focused renewed attention on the larger issue of racial bias by the police. Yet little is known about the extent of police racial bias and even less about public perceptions of the problem. This article analyzes recent national survey data on citizens' views of and reported personal experiences with, several forms of police bias--including differential treatment of individuals and neighborhoods, police prejudice, and racial profiling. We find that attitudes toward the prevalence and acceptability of these practices are largely shaped by citizens race, personal experiences with police discrimination, and exposure to news media reporting on incidents of police misconduct. The findings lend support to the group-position theory of race relations.
Abstractor:
As Provided
Number of Pages:
22
Publication Type:
Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Availability:
Oxford University Press. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK. Tel: +44-1; Fax: +44-1; e-mail: jnls.cust.; Web site: http://www.oxfordjournals./our_journals/sf
URL:
http://dx.doi./10.1353/sof.2005.0050
Journal Code:
JUN2012
Entry Date:
2012
Accession Number:
EJ966953
WHITE POWER, BLACK CRIME, AND RACIAL POLITICS.
Authors:
Staples, Robert
Source:
Black Scholar, Winter2011, Vol. 41 Issue 4, p31-41, 11p
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
RACE discrimination in law enforcement
POLICE corruption -- United States
RACE discrimination -- United States
GATES, Henry Louis, 1950-
RACE discrimination in capital punishment
RACE discrimination in criminal justice administration
RACIAL profiling in law enforcement
UNITED States -- Politics & government
RACISM -- United States -- History -- 20th century
POLICE brutality
Geographic Terms:
UNITED States
Abstract:
The article discusses the treatment of African Americans by U.S. police, emphasizing the history of racial profiling and discriminatory treatment. It highlights the case of the 2009 arrest of historian Henry Louis Gates, Jr. in his Cambridge, Massachusetts home. Other topics include ostensible political support for U.S. legal discrimination against minorities in criminal penalties such as capital punishment, the disproportionate imprisonment of minorities for drug and other nonviolent offenses, and police brutality against minority suspects.
Lexile:
1570
Full Text Word Count:
7202
ISSN:
00064246
Accession Number:
74291845
