Essay Instructions: My assignment is to complete a 20-40 page research paper I choose the topic of Eating Disorders and Beauty. I have eight pages and a long bibliography I need 11 more pages of anything related to eating disorders how beauty is viewed by patients with eating disorders, role of family in eating disorders, eating disorder theories, etc. Personal narratives charts or interviews can be included. All sources must be cited and added to an alphebeticall bibliography. At the beginning of each new topic within the paper there needs to be a relevant literary quote from any source that further prooves that point we are trying to make. Examples of completed research papers with quotes etc... are able to be viewed at .. http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/EvergreenEnergy/EvergreenEnergy.htm
Below is what I have so far if you can add literary quotes for the sections I have and i will add the sources after you send it back. I just need 11 more pages ... not including bibliography... More sections can be added to beginning middle or end and existing sections can be edited...
To complete a 20-40 page college research paper with a 3 page bibliography
To explore a personal methodology for creativity and research from brainstorming
To gather, organize and evaluate primary and secondary sources online, in the library, the community and through empirical research such as interviews and investigation
To engage in close and survey reading and to paraphrase, summarize, analyze, and integrate sources into personal research
To develop and refine a thesis
To structure the categories of an outline
To develop and refine critical and argumentative faculties
To establish credibility through research, audience analysis, (beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors), critical thinking, decision making and persuasive tactics
To learn the constructs of classical (Aristotle) and contemporary (Toulmin, Roger, Monroe, Boolean, Cyber) argumentation
To constructively question and defend a claim or syllogism, identifying logical fallacies
To analyze the course theme of Literature, Health Science, and the Environment in terms of your problem, employing the rhetoric of controversy, conflict and conversion
To improve writing skills through improvisational, poetic, and personal writing through formal and task-based exercises
To create a distinctive, original expository style, using MLA or APA parenthetical documentation
To increase knowledge and understanding of content theme
To introduce you to great literature
MLA/APA pocket manual. All weekly papers, the midterm, and the final must adhere closely to the style protocols for MLA or APA depending on your topic and discipline. You must use parenthetical documentation and put an alphabetized bibliography at the end of every weekly paper in correct style.
Poetry and literary essays or novels must be used as literary quotes related to your claims of value in your chosen research topic. ND also has a nature poetry book edited by Jeffrey Yang, Birds, Beasts, and Seas. Since you need literary quotes at the top of each weekly paper, you can get them from any source you like.
You should use the texts as springboards for your own originality and argumentation. Think of a problem you want to solve in your own life, related to the analysis of the art/science fusion.
Paper: Introduction
I recently saw a Dove commercial that so brilliantly summarizes the way that women often view themselves. Entitled ?Real Beauty Sketches,? an experiment is made in which a sketch artist asks multiple women to describe themselves. Without seeing them, he draws the images that they describe. The second half of the commercial involves these women describing the other women in this experiment and the sketch artist drawing those new images. Finally, each woman sees a side-by-side drawing of herself, each time her own description depicting a woman who is much older and uglier than the one described by someone else. The message rings clear: ?You are more beautiful than you think.?
Many women have a tremendous amount of self-doubt and harsh self-criticism. Women often believe they are fatter than they are, uglier than they are, and older looking than they really are. From where does such self-doubt and such a fixation on physical appearance originate? Men and women, boys and girls, are taught from an early age that the value of women lies in their youth, beauty, and sexuality. This single idea has led to gender stereotypes in almost every arena of life. The one on which I would like to focus is in the world of business.
In a world where women learn that their worth is dependent on their beauty, it is no wonder that anorexia plagues such a large part of the population. Instead of focusing on their minds and inner qualities, the world often judges women on their outward beauty. Women, and even girls, quickly learn that their self-worth is often increased when they appear more beautiful.
What causes someone to become anorexic?
Many factors come into play when an individual becomes anorexic. In addition to poor body image, those that develop the disease are often more vulnerable to it because of childhood personality and temperament. There are many factors that are now believed to predispose one to anorexia, such as perfectionism, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsiveness. These traits, often hereditary, may be present in childhood, but exacerbated during adolescence and later become factors in starting anorexia.
"Adolescence is a time of transition, when individuals must learn to balance immediate and long-term needs and goals in order to achieve independence," said Kaye. "For such individuals, learning to cope with mixed societal messages and pressures may be overwhelming, exacerbating underlying traits of anxiety and a desire to perfectly achieve."
"Individuals with anorexia tend to report that dieting reduces anxiety, while eating increases it," said Kaye. "This is very different from most individuals, who experience hunger as unpleasant." In simply an effort to avoid anxiety, an individual begins to starve herself and begins the spiral that eventually results in severe the malnutrition and emaciation that defines anorexia.
Some scientists now believe that individuals that become anorexic have a different chemical makeup in their brains. "Brain-imaging studies also show that individuals with anorexia have alterations in those parts of the brain involved with bodily sensations, such as sensing the rewarding aspects of pleasurable foods," said co-author Martin Paulus, UC San Diego professor of psychiatry, who heads UC San Diego's Laboratory of Biological Dynamics and Theoretical Medicine. "Anorexics may literally not recognize when they are hungry." This is an interesting point because this proves that anorexia is truly a disease and the individuals who have it truly cannot help themselves without medical intervention.
Who is anorexic?
In America, it is estimated that roughly seven million women have an eating disorder and one million men. It is also calculated that one out of every two hundred women in America have anorexia and that one out of ten people with anorexia are male. These estimates are taken only from medical cases and do not include those that are unreported. Nearly half of all Americans personally know someone with an eating disorder.
Anorexia is the third most common chronic illness among adolescents. Ninety-five percent of those afflicted with eating disorders are between the young ages of twelve and twenty-five. When polled, over fifty percent of girls between the ages of eleven and thirteen see themselves as overweight. Among thirteen-year-old girls polled, eighty percent of girls have dieted and tried to lose weight at some point in their life.
When looking at various cultures throughout the globe, the prevalence of eating disorders is widespread. Except for a tiny few, the rates of minorities with eating disorders are similar to those of white women. Seventy-four percent of American Indian girls reported dieting or purging and using diet pills. In 1994, Essence magazine reported that nearly fifty-four percent of African Americans were at risk of developing an eating disorder. Finally, Japan is severely plagued by eating disorders and they are one of the most common psychological problems facing young women today.
What does treatment look like?
"Currently, we don't have very effective means of treating people with anorexia," said Walter Kaye, MD, Professor of Psychiatry and Director of the Eating Disorders Program at the University of California, San Diego. "Consequently, many patients with the disorder remain ill for years or eventually die from the disease, which has the highest death rate of any psychiatric disorder."
While approximately thirty to forty percent of affected individuals eventually do recover, a large number of them develop a chronic illness or die, making anorexia the number one cause of death among psychiatric diseases. A study by the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders reported that between five and ten percent of anorexics die within ten years after contracting the disease, eighteen to twenty percent of anorexics will be dead after twenty years and only thirty to forty percent will ever fully recover
The mortality rate associated with anorexia nervosa is twelve times higher than the death rate of all causes of death for females fifteen to twenty-four years old. Finally, twenty percent of people suffering from anorexia will prematurely die from complications related to their eating disorder, such as suicide and heart problems
Is anorexia a worldwide epidemic?
Anorexia is often believed to be a worldwide problem, but a closer look at data suggests that it is not. According to statistics, the United States and Japan have a much higher mortality rate due to anorexia than any other country in the world. In data gathered, all other countries, besides Japan and the United States, had very few deaths related to eating disorders.
The fact that deaths from eating disorders are so high in Japan and the United States allows us to conclude that anorexia is very socially influenced. One book, Feeding Desire by Rebecca Popenoe, describes a culture in northern Niger, where the Azagwagh Arabs that live there actually undergo a process of ?fattening? the young girls. Because the Arabs only find it socially acceptable and sexually appealing to be obese, they make their girls overeat in order to be extraordinarily heavy. Beauty, to them, lies in being overweight and they greatly frown upon any Westerner who is slim.
Different images of attractiveness in various cultures prove that the idea of beauty, itself, is socially constructed. If one?s idea of what is appealing can change from one country to another, it gives us hope that we can redefine beauty in America. If America is the number one country suffering from eating disorders, then it has to be linked to our social media and the images and messages we are sending our youth.
Conclusion
Society needs to begin teach its youth that the value of women lies in their intelligence, power, and independence. At the age of eight, forty four percent of girls want to be leaders. Yet, by the age of twelve, only twenty-one percent believe they could be leaders. By age twelve, the average girl has seen 77,546 commercials?many of which are geared toward emphasizing the power of man and the beauty of women. Out of high school girls interviewed, three out of four said that they feel guilty or depressed and thirty-one percent have admitted to starving themselves in order to lose weight.
Society needs to emphasize achievement and not appearance. Over the last few years, America has seen a three hundred percent increase in cosmetic surgery in women. There has been a four hundred percent increase in liposuctions and an alarming six hundred percent increase in breast augmentations. So, in other words, as leadership positions dwindle, cosmetic procedures are on the rise. This is a poor reflection of the values that our society teaches.
?What we believe a leader should do is not consistent with what we think a woman can do.? This is what needs to change. Despite all the incentives and monetary compensations in the world, we need to create a population that believes in the future of our women as leaders and not just pretty faces. Perhaps, if we emphasize the brains of women instead of the body, we will see a group of people that truly believe anything is possible and who won?t need to be reminded through a Dove commercial that they truly are more beautiful than they think.
Bibliography?
Baker, J., Maes, H., Lissner, L., Aggen, S., & Lichtenstein, P. (2009). Genetic risk factors for disordered eating in adolescent males and females. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 576-586.
?Barber, B. & Buehler, C. (1996). Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects. Journal of Marriage and Family, 58, 433-441.?
Bergen, A., et. al (2003). Candidate genes for anorexia nervosa in the 1p33-36 linkage region: Serotonin 1D and delta opioid receptor loci exhibit significant association to anorexia nervosa. Molecular Psychiatry, 8, 397-406.?
Brown, K., & Geller, J. (2006). Supporting friends and family members with eating disorders: Discrepancies between intentions and reality. Eating Disorders, 14, 215-228.
Bulik, C., Landt, M., van Furth, E., & Sullivan, P. (2007). The genetics of anorexia nervosa. Annual Review of Nutrition, 27, 263-275.
?Eisler, I., & Le Grange, D. (2008). Family interventions in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 159-173.?
Fitzpatrick, K., & Lock, J. (2007). Evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents with eating disorders: Family therapy and family-facilitated cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 37, 145-155.?
Gowers, S. & Shore, A. (2001). Development of weight and shape concerns in the etiology of eating disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 236-242.?
Hoek, H., Treasure, J., & Katzman, M. (1998). Neurobiology in the treatment of eating disorders.
West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons.?Kaye, W., Fudge, J., & Paulus, M. (2009). New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 573-584.
Kaye, W. & Jimmerson, D. (1997). Anorexia and bulimia nervosa, obsessional behavior, and serotonin. London, England: Balliere?s Tindell, Inc.
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Outline (rough outline can definitely be changed)
1. Background on Eating Disorders and A Road To Recovery
? Anorexia defined
? Eating Disorder Spectrum (from serious to disordered eating)
? The severity of anorexia
? Changes in American weight standards
? How the female body was defined through history
? Body image and body dissatisfaction
2. Is recovery attainable?
? What does recovery look like?
? What are the challenges with recovery?
3. Why is there a higher percentage of anorexia in women vs. men?
4. Socioeconomic Factors and Role (How does culture influence anorexia?)
? Explain and provide examples of the Sociocultural Theory related to Anorexia.
? How magazines and television contribute to eating disorders?
? How is thinness enforced in the media?
-Socialization Process (relying on body for admiration)
-Positive connotations with thinness (happier, better, prettier)
-Why Fat is ?bad?? (Karl Lagerfeld and Adele example) (How models look in clothes)
5. Social Comparison Theory
? What does the social comparison theory look like?
? What are the targets of this theory?
? Explain upward and downward comparisons.
? Suffers often internalize the need to be thin and beautiful.
? Real and ideal expectations of body image and weight
? Level of self-esteem and satisfaction with ones body
? Emphasis on weight as a number on the scale
6. Social Learning Theory
? Reinforcement (against others)
? To punish others
? Identifying with media figures (celebrities etc.)
? Rewards for loosing weight
7. Relationships and Eating Disorders
? Mothers influence on anorexia
? Fathers influence on anorexia
? Peers influence on anorexia
8. Psychology and Eating Disorders
? Perfectionism
? Need to be in control
? Need to develop sense of self or identity
? Competitiveness
9. Recovery
? Avoiding messages in the media
