Essay Instructions: it is research paper about califorina problems or issue i chose oil spill. I started writing abbout oil spill and my thesis needs to fix . Also I wrote two pages it goes with the other three pages( with the order paper ).Here is the two pages paper i wrote below.
Oil spill
Introduction
America's infrastructure is based on oil. All the trucks, planes, trains, ships, that deliver all goods to market run on oil. All automobiles, as well as all the gas stations across America run on oil. All petroleum based products, run on oil. On the other hand ,In united states ,Oil spill occurs most often. That is Oil spill is one of environmental problems that can cause the life of biodiversity, is a different kinds of life on the Earth, it includes species of plants, animals, and microorganisms etc. Because the oil contains hydrogen and carbon in it which could contaminates and kill the animal, plant and microorganisms. One of the major causes that affect biodiversity in San Francisco bay is an oil spill. The impact of the an oil depend on a number of factors. These include the type and amount of oil and its behavior once spilled; the physical characteristics of the affected area; weather conditions and season; the type and effectiveness of the clean-up response; the biological and economic characteristics of the area . According to the intelligence report (2007 ),there was a Cosco Busaba oil spill on the San Francisco bay and it was about 54,gallon spill on the bay when the ship collided with the San Francisco Bridge. It was spread over 40 mile on the Sand beaches ,covered Salt marsh habitat ,grass and about two thousand of birds died. Also it was obstacle for the recreational activities, local industry, fisheries, and marine life . Therefore, oil spill has impact on the environmental damage and socioeconomic cost.
Environment effect
The impact of the oil is not temporary , it takes and affects the population or the plant animal and microorganism in the long run. According to the article “Effect of oil spill”, the Bird and marine animals death rate occurs during most spills and in some major spills breeding colonies have been seriously lost(depleted) . Some species react to their population depletion by laying more eggs, breeding more frequently or younger birds joining the breeding group. These processes can assist recovery, although recovery may take several years and will also depend on other factors like food supply. While it is common for short and medium term loss to occur in populations, there is evidence of spills causing long-term harm to populations, or of a spill decline the population of the birds” (2007).
Moreover , the oil also has risk for the water that came in to the pipe. For example the article “oil spill settlement funds watershed restoration” mentions that the in San Luis Obispo and north of Pismo Beach 25,2000, gallon oil spill and caused the pipe line to burst(p.2, 2008). The breaking of the pipeline occurred on the top or above of the beach then the oil spill or pour in to the oceans.
Not only the environment is affected by the oil spill but also the economy of the oil company‘s, the place where the oil spilled and the people who own the fishery company. The cost of clean up the spill cost too much money , for example, In U.S.A the average costs about 24,000 dollars per ton spill. Also the cost of manpower is higher too because oil is toxic.
Therefore, in the international regime of IMO for regulating ship safety, some sort of global average would be needed (this does not preclude that regional values might be appropriate for assessing regional measures). The rationale behind adopting a global average is that measures for mitigating oil spill risk that affects ships engaged in international trade have the potential to reduce the oil spill risk in all regions of the world (both low-cost regions and high-cost regions). The average statistical cost of all avoided oil spills due to implementation of a measure is therefore what is needed, hence the need for a global average.
