, 2000; Sullivan et al., 2007).

Recidivism data typically comes from a record review and record follow-up with the probation officer of the clients. More long-term data can also be implemented in the form of clinical interviews for clients who have successfully completed their probationary periods. Probation officers are good sources of information regarding recidivism and also regarding any potential relapses and substance abuse or psychiatric issues. Variables in the analysis are typically compared to similar offenders in a treatment as usual group (e.g., Leon et al., 2000). Outcome variables of interest are alcohol or drug use, crime, HIV risk behavior, psychological symptoms, and employment status (Grella, & Shi, 2011). These variables can be operationalized such that they can be comparable both within and between groups. Within groups comparisons can look at pre/post measures of substance abuse, psychological symptoms, and employment status. Between groups measures can look at all of...
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