The first instance is correctable, with no real harm done. The second instance could cost a life; the procedure cannot be re-done. The instructor should design for students the situations that will provide the most authentic experiences possible and reasonable.

Roessger looked at five theoretical models of motor learning, based on theories developed in disciplines including behavior analysis, kinesiology, sport psychology, and cognitive psychology.

In chaining, the student completes a sequence, or chain, of individual responses that together achieve a reinforcing outcome. The motor program is an abstract memory structure where actions are performed without feedback, such as pulling a nail gun. It is a muscle activity that lasts a fraction of a second. Actions that take more than a split second -- even actions that may take only slightly more than 200 milliseconds -- are under the learner's control; he/she is able to monitor the motor program as it...
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