It is the same as the patient not knowing that they had a ghost surgery conducted on them. The patient has the right to know that someone else will be performing the surgery in case they want to decline from having the surgery. The patient may not want a student to be cutting on them. Furthermore, it is wrong for the patient not to know everything before signing the release, which includes the procedures of ghost surgery.

However, in cases like Shorter v. Drury in 1985 where the patient knew the consequences of her procedure, which was major blood loss and she would need blood transfusions in order to recover. She refused to give the physician permission to give her blood if she needed it. Unfortunately, she died because the physician could not give her blood. In this sense, the patient knew what was going on and knew the consequence...
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