In addition to reckless and intentional action that results in injury, amateur coaching decisions, recommendations, and strategies can lead to injuries and can be considered elements of avoidable risk, constituting a breach of duty based on the expectations of the participants (Fitzgerald 2005). Breach can also occur, of course, through the intentional or reckless behavior of sports participants that shows a disregard of the basic rules and expectations of the sport beyond mere negligence (Saywer 1997; Abramson et al. 2010). Sports physicians may also be found in breach of their medical duties if pre-participation screenings are not thorough enough (Kane & White 2008).

Heat illnesses, as might be expected at this point, almost never constitute a breach of duty, as it is wholly within the participant's power to assess and respond to their condition during any activity, whether an organized sports activity or otherwise. Likewise, spinal cord injuries and concussions...
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