Essay Instructions: About the writer
I understand that the US military intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan is a controversial matter. Thus, there are different perspectives on the issue. However, I need a writer that believes or can argue that such military interventions where a disaster not only for the countries that were occupied but also for the U.S economy, its Foreign Policy and the US image throughout the world. I need a writer who could argue that post conflict and nation-building operations in both countries were a disaster and have resulted in a decade on military occupation and the lost of human lives and billions and billions of dollars.
Paper
This final paper is about post conflict and Nation Building operations within Afghanistan and Iraq. This paper should not be based on personal opinions it NEEDS to be supported by peer reviewed articles or books. You can use some newspaper articles but no more than a few. Additionally, proper citation (footnotes) is REQUIRED at least 5 footnotes per page that show where the information comes.
The paper should be structures this way:
1-Introduction
2-POST CONFLICT and PEACE BUILDING
Here you must define what defines post conflict strategies and peace building operations. And its importance in the rebuilding of NAtions that have been destroyed by War.
Structural prevention/strategies to address the root causes of deadly conflict: Structural prevention ??" or peace building ??" comprises strategies to address the root causes of deadly conflict, so as to ensure that crises do not arise in the first place, or, if they do, they do not recur. (Including putting in place international legal systems, dispute resolution mechanisms, and cooperative arrangements; meeting people’ s basic economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian needs; and rebuilding societies that have been shattered by war or other major crises.
Peace-building strategies are of two broad types: 1. the development by governments acting cooperatively, or international regimes to manage the interactions of states; 2. the development by individual states (with the help of outsiders if necessary) of mechanisms to ensure bedrock security, well-being and justice for their citizens).
Measures can also support preventive diplomacy; Demilitarization, the control of small arms, institutional reform, improved police and judicial systems, the monitoring of human rights, electoral reform and social and economic development can be valuable in preventing conflict, as in healing wounds after conflict has occurred.
While ‘conflict transformation’ describes the outcome, peacebuilding describes the actions;
PEACEBUILDING EFFORTS MUST INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: YOU MUST USE THIS INFORMATION IN THIS SECTION . JUST USE OTHER WORDS OR PROPERLY CITE IT.
Political peacebuilding: outermost superstructure. It is about agreements. Establishes political arrangements providing the overall context for understanding the relationships of the various parties and their resources. Building a legal infrastructure addressing the political needs and managing the boundaries of the peace system (negotiation, fact-finding missions, technical working groups etc.). Governments focus their attention on political peacebuilding;
Structural peacebuilding: Activities creating middle-level structures. Creating structures ??" systems of behavior, institutions, concerted actions ??" supporting the embodiment or implementation of a peace culture. It is about building an economic, military and community infrastructure, providing concrete and realistic avenues through which a new peace system might express itself. Structures are necessary because political peacebuilding cannot accomplish conflict transformation itself (a signed treaty does not create peace. It only creates a basis for peace, or a legal infrastructure to support peace). Activities include economic development programs, strengthening democracy and governance, and supporting the creation of indigenous NGOs that support peace;
Social peacebuilding: The missing link, seeking to build the human infrastructure that can support the political agreements and societal institutions. Trying to prepare the system to be able to implement political agreements without the further loss of life (Activities: e. g. conflict resolution workshops; reconciliation activities; mediation efforts between different societal/ethnic groups etc.)
Security pillar: addresses all aspects of public safety, in particular the establishment of a safe and secure environment and development of legitimate and stable security institutions. Provision of individual and collective security;
Governance and participation pillar: addresses the need for legitimate, effective political and administrative institutions and participatory processes. Most often guaranteed through a representative constitutional structure;
Social and economic well-being pillar: addresses fundamental social and economic needs of the population, in particular the provision of emergency relief, restoration of essential services, laying the foundation for a viable economy, and initiation of an inclusive, sustainable development program;
Justice and reconciliation pillar: addresses the need for an impartial and accountable legal system and for ways to deal with past abuses: in particular, creation of effective law enforcement, an open judicial system, fair laws, humane corrections systems, and formal and informal mechanism for resolving grievances arising from conflict
I GOT THIS INFORMATION FROM THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES which must be consulted (This section MUST MUST use information from the Carnegie Commission website)
Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, 1997)
Post-conflict peace-building (Agenda for Peace, B. B. Ghali, 1995)
Peace-building definitions: IMTD, the Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy (in Notter & Diamond, Building Peace and Transforming Conlflict, Occ. Paper 7, Oct. 1996)
Robert C. Orr: ‘Winning the Peace’ & ‘Reconstruction’
James Dobbins et al.: America’ s Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq
3-IRAQ
Here you should give an introduction as why the US intervened in Iraq ( again I know this is a controversial matter but I need you to argue that there WERE NOT any Nuclear weapons found in Iraq , so the main justification for the War was a manipulation in order to control oil resources in Iraq).
Then you should go into what happened in Iraq after the U.S occupation in 2003. I need you to argue that peace and nation building efforts were directed by people who had no idea what they were doing and not only failed to achieve sustainable peace but actually made the situation worse. Some issues that MUST be mentioned are: looting, lawlessness and caos, no martial law, the role of ORHA and its replacement by CPA, disbanding of the Iraqi military ( where thousands of armed people where left without a job), they did not secure guns, they fired anyone employed by the former government which created unemployment. All of this, among other things, resulted in many people joining religious organizations that promoted anti-American sentiments.
4-Afghanistan
You should follow the same structured that Iraq. An introduction as to why the U.S invaded the country in 2001 ( looking for Al-qaeda and to dismantle the Taliban regime)
And then go into what has happened since the occupation. Some issues are, displaced people, anti-American sentiment, bombing, deaths of American soldiers and locals. mainly the destruction of the country. and the failure the re-build the country.
5- Conclusion
At the end you should asses if the U.S has achieved peace in the region and if the U.S has helped rebuild this 2 countries. . What have this 2 wars achieved? What are the lessons learned? Then you can argue that maybe we can learn from thus mistakes and do the opposite in Libya.
YOU MUST USE SOME ARTICLES FROM THE magazine FOREIGN POLICY
