Essay Instructions: Please run the final version of this paper through your plagiarism software.
If additional time is required in order for this paper to be better researched and/or written, I can be flexible with the deadline, but please let me know as soon as possible.
There is no minimum or maximum number of references, though this paper should be comprehensive. I would expect, but have not fully researched, that there will be at least 30 references. Also, please make sure this paper is in APA format.
Please ensure that all citations are either from either peer-reviewed, scholarly journals or scholarly actual books (please, no citations from such internet sites as ?Wikepedia?).
Literature Review Objectives
Contingency Management Studies
in the Treatment of Substance Dependence/Abuse
Objective
The purposes of this review are to gain an understanding of the controlled studies using contingency management (CM) in the substance abuse field, and where applicable emphasize those studies that incorporate CM with community reinforcement approach (CRA). This paper should offer a critical review of the literature with an eye toward identifying important and unresolved theoretical and research questions.
While there is much evidence that animals also respond to operant contingencies with psychoactive substances (Logan, 1972), this paper will emphasize studies conducted with human subjects, though a brief review of the animal literature will be included. To this end, I propose to review the available literature and achieve the following four goals:
1. Provide two pages total of background information on: animal studies involving operant conditioning and substance abuse (emphasize Logan?s research and whomever else is important); behavioral economics (emphasize Bickle?s research and whomever else is important); CRA (emphasize Meyers, 2005, and Hunt and Azrin); and, operant conditioning. Explain how these findings contributed to the successful treatment of substance abuse disorders, especially when in collaboration to shaping prosocial behaviors related to the use of community resources and coping skills.
2. Offer a comprehensive and coherent review (40+ pages) of all controlled studies published in peer review journals since 1990 that involve substance use and contingency management using any strategy (voucher-based and non-voucher based) that reinforces behaviors designed to achieve abstinence for the treatment of both alcohol and marijuana use and also studies related to alcohol or marijuana designed to achieve other targets than abstinence (e.g., attendance, medication compliance, productivity, positive lifestyle changes). (Higgins, 2004 review gives a partial list of voucher-based CM for alcohol and marijuana and other targets, include all of those as well as find those published since March, 2003) (non-voucher-based CM studies include non-monetary rewards for changes in behavior, and I have not compiled a list of these studies)--these should be two very distinct sections.
3. Offer a short review of any and all CRA studies that incorporate CM in an attempt to modify social behaviors in an attempt to modify alcohol and/or marijuana use.
4. Discuss how these findings can further inform the field of addictions research.
Preliminary List of References
***Immediately below are voucher based CM, Alcohol, Marijuana, and other behaviors studies conducted from 1990-2003 (from Higgins, S. T., Heil, S. H., & Lussier, J. P.2004. Clinical implications of reinforcement as a determinant of substance use disorders. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 55, 431-461), still need all of the controlled voucher based studies published through 2006). Also need all non-voucher based contingency management studies from 1990-2006.
Budney AJ, Higgins ST, Delaney DD, Kent L,
Bickel WK. 1991. Contingent reinforcement
of abstinence with individuals abusing cocaine
and marijuana. J. Appl. Behav. Anal.
24(4):657?65
Budney AJ, Higgins ST, Radonovich KJ, Novy
PL. 2000. Adding voucher-based incentives
to coping skills and motivational enhancement
improves outcomes during treatment
for marijuana dependence. J. Consult. Clin.
Psychol. 68(6):1051?61
Sigmon SC, Steingard S, Badger GJ, Anthony
SL, Higgins ST. 2000. Contingent reinforcement
of marijuana abstinence among individuals
with serious mental illness: a feasibility
study. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol.
8(4):509?17
Silverman K, Chutuape MA, Bigelow GE,
Stitzer ML. 1996a. Voucher-based reinforcement
of attendance by unemployed
methadone patients in a job skills training
program. Drug Alcohol Depend. 41(3):197?
207
Svikis DS, Lee JH, Haug NA, Stitzer ML.
1997. Attendance incentives for outpatient
treatment: effects in methadone- and
nonmethadone-maintained pregnant drugdependent
women. Drug Alcohol Depend.
48(1):33?41
Jones HE, Haug N, Silverman K, Stitzer ML,
Svikis D. 2001. The effectiveness of incentives
in enhancing treatment attendance and
drug abstinence in methadone-maintained
pregnant women. Drug Alcohol Depend.
61(3):297?306
Jones HE, Haug N, Stitzer ML, Svikis D.
2000. Improving treatment outcomes for
pregnant drug-dependent women using lowmagnitude
voucher incentives. Addict. Behav.
25(2):263?67
Petry NM. 2001a. Delay discounting of money
and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently
abstinent alcoholics, and controls. Psychopharmacology
154(3):243?50
Petry NM. 2001b. Pathological gamblers, with
and without substance use disorders, discount
delayed rewards at high rates. J. Abnorm.
Psychol. 110(3):482?87
Petry NM. 2002. Discounting of delayed rewards
in substance abusers: relationship to
REINFORCEMENT AND SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS 459
antisocial personality disorder. Psychopharmacology
162(4):425?32
Petry NM, Casarella T. 1999. Excessive discounting
of delayed rewards in substance
abusers with gambling problems. Drug Alcohol
Depend. 56(1):25?32
Preston KL, Silverman K, Umbricht A, De-
Jesus A, Montoya ID, Schuster CR. 1999.
Improvement in naltrexone treatment compliance
with contingency management. Drug
Alcohol Depend. 54(2):127?35
Wong CJ, Sheppard JM, Dallery J, Bedient
G, Robles E, et al. 2003. Effects of reinforcer
magnitude on data-entry productivity
in chronically unemployed drug abusers participating
in a therapeutic workplace. Exp.
Clin. Psychopharmacol. 11(1):46?55
Iguchi, M.Y., Belding, M. A., Moral, A. R., Lamb, R. J., & Husband, S. D. (1997). Reinforcing operants other than abstinence in drug abuse treatment: An effective alternative for reducing drug use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 421-428.
Definitely use this CRA article along with any other you feel would be helpful.
The Community Reinforcement Approach: History and New Directions. Meyers, Robert J.; Villanueva, Michael; Smith, Jane Ellen; Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, Vol 19(3), Fal 2005. Special issue: State-of-the-art in behavioral interventions for substance use disorders. pp. 247-260.
These also seem appropriate in the review...
Budney, A. J., Higgins, S. T., Radonovich, K. J., & Novy, P. L. (2000). Adding voucher-based incentives to coping-skills and motivational enhancement improves outcomes during treatment for marijuana dependence. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68, 1051-1061.
McRae, A. L., Budney, A. J., & Brady, K. T. (2003). Treatment of marijuana dependence: a review of the literature. J Subst Abuse Treat 2003; 24: 369-376
Petry, N.M, Martin, B., Cooney, J.L., Kranzler, H.R. (2000). Give them prizes, and they will come: Contingency management for treatment of alcohol dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 250-257.
Include as many as these articles that pertain to this review as well as any and all that you find in your reserach to ensure this is a comprehensive review.
Alterman, L.R., Gottheil, T.E., Skoloda, T.E., & Grasberger, J.C. (1974). Social modification of drinking by alcoholics. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 35, 917-924.
Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Bickel, W. K., DeGrandpre, R. J., & Higgins, S. T. (1993). Behavioral economics: A novel experimental approach to the study of drug dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 33, 173?192.
Bickel, W. K., DeGrandpre, R. J., & Higgins, S. T. (1995). The behavioral economics of concurrent drug reinforcers: A review and reanalysis of drug self-administration research. Psychopharmacology, 118, 250?259.
Bigelow, G.M., & Liebson, I. (1972). Cost factors controlling alcoholic drinking. Psychological Record, 22, 305-314.
Bigelow, G., Griffiths, R. R., & Liebson, I. A. (1975). Experimental models for the modification of human drug self-administration: Methodological developments in the study of ethanol self-administration by alcoholics, federation Proceedings, 34, 1785-1792.
Canter, F.M. (1968). The requirement of abstinence as a problem in institutional treatment of alcoholics. Psychiatric Quarterly, 42, 217-231.
Cheek, F.E., Franks, C.M., Laucius, J., & Burtle, V. (1971). Behavior modification training for wives of alcoholics. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 32, 456-461.
Childress A, McLellan A, O'Brien C. Behavioral therapies for substance abuse. International Journal of the Addictions [serial online]. 1985;20(6):947-969. Available from: PsycINFO, Ipswich, MA. Accessed September 2, 2006
Cohen, M., Liebson, I., & Faillace, L. (1972). A technique for establishing controlled drinking in chronic alcoholics. Diseases of the Nervous System, 33, 46-49.
Cohen, M., Liebson, I., & Faillace, L. (1973). Controlled drinking by chronic alcoholics over extended periods of free access. Psychological Reports, 32, 1107-1110.
Cohen, M., Liebson, I., Faillace, L. & Allen, R.P. (1971). Moderate drinking by chronic alcoholics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 153, 434-444.
Cohen, M., Liebson, I., Faillace, L., & Speers, W. (1971). Alcoholism: Controlled drinking and incentives for abstinence. Psychological Reports, 28, 575-580.
Corby, E. A., Roll, J. M., Ledgerwood, D. M., & Schuster, C. R. (2000). Contingency management interventions for treating the substance abuse of adolescents: A feasibility study. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 371-376.
Cutter, H.S.G., Schwaab, E.L. & Nathan, P.E. (1970). Effects of alcohol on its utility for alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 31, 369-378.
Faillace, L.A., Flamer, R.N., Imber, S.D., & Ward, R.F. (1972). Giving alcohol to alcoholics: An evaluation. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 33, 85-90.
Gottheil, E., Corbett, L.O., Grasberger, J.C., & Cornelison, F.S. (1971). Treating the alcoholic in the presence of alcohol. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 475-480.
Gottheil, E., Corbett, L.O., Grasberger, J.C., & Cornelison, F.S. (1972). Fixed-interval drinking decisions: A research and treatment model. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 33, 311-324.
Griffiths, R., Bigelow, G., Liebson, I. (1974). Suppression of ethanol self-administration in alcoholics by contingent time-out from social interventions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12, 327-334.
Heather, N. & Robertson, I. (1983). Controlled Drinking. University Press, Cambridge.
Helmus, T.C., Saules, K.K., Schoener, E.P., & Roll, J.M. (2003) Reinforcement of counseling attendance and alcohol abstinence in a community-based dual-diagnosis treatment program: A feasibility study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 249-251.
Higgins, S. T., & Petty, N. M. (1999). Contingency management: Incentives for sobriety. Alcohol Research and Health. 23, 122-127.
Hunt, G.M. & Azrin, N.H. (1973). The community-reinforcement approach to alcoholism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 91-104.
Iguchi, M.Y., Belding, M. A., Moral, A. R., Lamb, R. J., & Husband, S. D. (1997). Reinforcing operants other than abstinence in drug abuse treatment: An effective alternative for reducing drug use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 421-428.
Iguchi, M., Stitzer, M. L., Bigelow, G. E., & Liebson, I. A. (1988). Contingency management in methadone maintenance: Effects of reinforcing and aversive consequences on illicit polydrug use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 22, 1-7.
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