Essay Instructions: 2 pages with 2 references from peer review journals paraphase only no direct quotes cite references in the text Read the article on hypertension that I have uploaded and the do a crosspost to the article written below try to bring up new material must be able to go through turnit in need 250- 500 words please
crosspost to follig paper:
Hypertension, a significant health problem in the United States, has detrimental economic consequences on health care. Even with technological advances and cost-effective analysis, the treatment of hypertension continues to be a burden. This paper summarizes the key issues surrounding the economics of hypertension.
Hypertension affects nearly one-third of the American adult population and is responsible for nearly 50% of heart disease and 75% of strokes worldwide (Stason, 2009). In modernized and wealthy countries, hypertensive disorder is among the top three leading causes of death that are directly related to a particular cause (Alcocer & Cueto, 2008). In poverty stricken areas, hypertension is the most common cause of death.
Hypertension cost the U.S. over $69 billion in 2008 (American Heart Association, 2008). Most of these dollars were spent on resource utilization. When compared to non-hypertensive people, people who are hypertensive are more likely to use extra healthcare resources including emergency room visits, home health visits, and inpatient visits (Alcocer & Cueto, 2008).
Most studies only investigate the economic impact of hypertension as a primary disease or diagnosis. However, many disease states such as diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease are directly attributable to hypertension. Therefore, the costs related to hypertension as a secondary diagnosis should also be included to keep from underestimating the true economic burden of hypertension (Wang, Zhang, & Ayala, 2010). For example, many admissions have a primary diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease directly related to hypertension. In turn, approximately 13% of the total cost of hospitalization for a primary diagnosis related to hypertension goes to treating the hypertension itself (Wang, Zhang, & Ayala, 2010).
Various methods are used to evaluate the most cost effective method of treating hypertension. One study, the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study, compared the cost of various antihypertensive medications with progressively lower diastolic blood pressures (Hansson et al., 1998). As diastolic blood pressure goals decreased, the cost of the medicine regimen increased. However, the lower target blood pressures did not offset economic cost by reducing cardiovascular hospitalizations. The study concluded that the more aggressive method of hypertension treatment was not necessarily cost-effective in the long run.
Conversely, a second analysis of the cost-effectiveness of strict versus moderate control of hypertension in a patient with type 2 diabetes concluded differently. For people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, aggressive treatment of hypertension resulted in marked cost reduction and improved health outcomes when compared to those with moderately controlled hypertension (The CDC Diabetes Cost-effectiveness Group, 2002). Aggressive treatment of hypertension in these patients achieved a cost savings of approximately $2,000 per diabetic patient per year.
Even though the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension has made marked progress, economic challenges are still present. By analyzing the cost-effectiveness of various approaches to therapy and regimens for treatment, the health care provider can assist the patient in making the most economical treatment choice.
References
Alcocer, L. & Cueto, L. (2008). Hypertension, a health economics perspective. Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, (2)3, 147-155. doi:10.1177/8090572
American Heart Association. (2008). Heart disease and stroke statistics ??" 2008 update. Circulation, 117, e25-e146. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187998
Hansson, L., Zanchetti, A., Carruthers, S., Daholf, B., Elmfeldt, D., Julius, S., Menard, J., Rahn, K., Wedel, H., & Westerling, S. (1998). Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: Principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. The Lancet, 351, 1755-1762. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04311-6
Stason, W. (2009). Hypertension: A policy perspective, 1976-2008. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 3(2), 113-118. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2008.12.001
The CDC Diabetes Cost-effectiveness Group. (2002). Cost-effectiveness of intensive glycemic control, intensified, hypertension control, and serum cholesterol level reduction for type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 2542-2551. Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com
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