Essay Instructions: I would like Christiew to complete my order!
Now its time to put everything together including the research design and literature review.
Intructions:
This research paper assignment is a stepping stone to your final CAPSTONE research project. At this level, you have built on the concepts of the core level classes and you will produce a senior graduate level paper, complete with a Title page, Abstract, and Table of Contents. You will produce a paper that presents a research ?puzzle? directing relating to the subject matter of this class.
The requirements for this project will mirror the requirements for all graduate papers. The paper will be typed in 12 pt Times New Roman, Calibri, or other standard font, with margins of 1? all around. It will be double-spaced except where the format calls for single spacing, for example block quotations and the list of complete citations. Citations will conform to the Turabian format whether you choose to use the Parenthetical/References style or the more traditional foot- or end-notes/Bibliography style.
The final research project is due in Week Seven. It will be 15 pages in length, having incorporated elements that you have already written and refined plus new sections on Analysis of Data, and Conclusions. The format will consist of the following sections:
? Title Page: The title of your paper should be brief but should adequately inform the reader of your general topic and the specific focus of your research. Keywords relating to parameters, population, and other specifics are useful. The Title Page must include the title, name, course name and number, and Professor?s Name.
? Abstract (100-150 words)
? Table of contents
? Body of paper
? Introduction (2 pages) to include research question, purpose statement, significance, refined from the earlier Week Three assignment. This section shall provide an overview of the topic that you are writing about, a concise synopsis of the issues, and why the topic presents a ?puzzle? that prompts your research questions, which you will include. This section will be 2 pages. This section can be preceded by an epigraph that creates interest in the topic. Ensure that you follow proper format for epigraphs!! You began this section in Week Three.
? Literature review (4 pages) refined from the earlier Week Five assignment; All research projects include a literature review to set out for the reader what knowledge exists on the subject under study and helps the researcher develop the research strategy to use in the study. A good literature review is a thoughtful study of what has been written, a summary of the arguments that exist (whether you agree with them or not), arranged thematically. At the end of the summary, there should still be gaps in the literature that you intend to fill with your research. It is written in narrative format and is 4 pages in length. You did this in Week Five.
? Methodology (3 pages) including discussion of the design of the study, theoretical framework, and data collection; this section provides the reader with a description of how you are planning to conduct research. It explains what research approach you have chosen, and where you will seek data to test your hypothesis. It describes any special considerations and defines any limitations and terms specific to this project, if necessary. This section can be brief or more complicated, depending on the project, written in 3 pages
? Analysis and Findings (3 pages) may include case study; this section provides the results of your research and the analytical arguments that will make as a result of your findings. In a quantitative project, this section would provide the results of the data collection and an analysis of what it illustrates in empirical terms. This section should also provide the evidence that proves (or disproves) the hypothesis. This section is 3 pages.
? Summary and conclusions (3 pages) should provide recap of project, provide answer to original research question and provide recommendations for future research. This section will contain the concluding analytical arguments based on what research has revealed to answer the research question. Like any conclusion, it should provide a synopsis of the project, the strategy, and the results and what they add to the body of knowledge. This section should also offer suggestions for avenues of future research for other scholars, as all knowledge is evolutionary. This section is 3 pages depending on the scope of the project.
? References List in proper citation format; this section will contain all references, cited in Turabian format and alphabetically arranged. Entitle this section as either ?References? or ?Bibliography? depending on the type of citation you use in the rest of the paper. You should have been compiling these and adding to them as you?ve gone along. They should be error free!!!
? Appendices, if appropriate.
Papers will be graded based on originality and quality of thesis and argumentation; the quality and depth of research; mastery of sources; and, critical analysis of contending opinions on the subject.
Title Page:
Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Next Terror: Assessment of How A Significant Terrorist WMD Attack Might Be Conducted By a Non-State Actors Perpetrator and Why They Can't Stage an Attack.
Name: Bobby Battle
Course: INTL655
Instructor: Frank Trapp
Date: February 24, 2013
Previously submitted papers:
Research Designed Paper:
Purpose Statement
Global security ensures protection of all economies from terrorists and criminals. Through it, social, economic, cultural and political programs are safe and their enactment process forges ahead in tranquility. However, a decade ago, several world economies have been bombarded by terrorist attacks and asymmetrical warfare activities. Such pose as a threat to developed and developing nations, especially through retaliatory attacks from renowned terrorist groups. This has presumably consumed my studies on information concerning counter-terrorism. In the process of press conferences held by the terrorist groups responding to the efforts of the Veto Power nations, I proactively conducted my survey on situations and theories purported by several authors. According to Cordesman (2002), Terrorism Asymmetric Warfare and Weapons of Mass Destruction, I developed a vast spectrum of the importance of the enhancement of homeland security, especially by the U.S in counter-attacking terrorists? plans prior WMD attacks. As proposed by the title, the assessment of WMD and the next terror attack is an exploration of provocative facets of study upon security. Arguably, my research pertains the possibility of a major terror attack, warfare tactics aspired to be used and the most likely area of target that terrorist groups opt to destroy, especially worth noting that the leader of the largest terror group, Al Qaeda, was brutally killed; Osama Bin Laden.
Problem Statement
Curbing terrorism in most nations has taken a different turn in events and methodology, especially when various terrorist groups have opted for mass destruction. Such WMD tactics of mass destruction are a threat not only to the target nations but also to the neighboring nations and the continent concerned. Technically, the economies affects are deemed dysfunctional since operational activities on other key sectors such as education, infrastructure, trade and agriculture can be adversely affected. Such is ill-fated to most economies
Literature Review
a) Introduction
Terror groups have now resolved in the use of weapons of mass destruction. The methodologies enhancing this new tactic involve several stakeholders from state actors with direct links with the terror groups, state proxies, extremists groups from foreign allies and several residential alliances with similar links to the terror groups. From research based information, and from arguable scopes from various authors, the new emerging trend of WMD have been instigated by a new wave of thought by the terror groups that constitutes of potential and grotesque threats and bolstering to enforcements of homeland security in the United States of America. The pattern that the next terror attack will follow especially in retaliating towards the U.S territory is emergent since it forms a clear basis on the given form to be followed in pursuit of WMD and means to incorporate WMD attacks and the extent of lethality of the weapons on the target area.
According to Wirtz and Croddy (2005), the option for the use of weapons of mass destruction can be linked to works of theorists, whose propositions issue the potentiality of WMD in causing assured destruction, deterrence (extended) and credible threats. In addition, game theorists inculcate mathematical assumptions in deriving to their assertions, an interesting cover up in the assessment of my research study. Prediction on the next terror is significantly based on the behavioral equilibrium depicted by the terror groups following the resultant implications of previous counter-intuitive.
The U.S department of defense in conjunction with other law enforcement agencies is curbed by an enormous task of applying defensive mechanisms. These mechanisms ought to be critical in issuing critical assessments on the development of deterrence strategy from the defense forces. According to the game theory, the concept of off-the-equilibrium-path behavior capture the imperative trait of establishing the disparity in security studies especially in deterrence in the utility of weapons of mass destruction and the threats they pose.
The utility of WMD has interested terror groups especially from the intermittent emphasis on their abolishment by the international community. However, as Joyner (2009) asserts in his preliminary study on the proliferation of WMD, treaties by the weapons manufactures in ensuring unnecessary proliferation of the weapons. However, the terror groups have experienced intervention from several western powers, which has adversely led to disagreements to the contents on the treaties. Similarly, destabilization has been felt in states such as Iraq and Afghanistan due to the engagement of foreign policy issues that instigated the change of international and organizational decisions. It is due to this effect that evidence ?based research on the material highly on the use, target areas and forms of attack with weapons of mass destruction are determined in the assessment of the conduction of a WMD terror attack.
b) Materials used
A terrorist group, according to many, is not equipped to acquire the required material essential in making the most lethal weapons i.e. nuclear bombs, which fit to be most destructive and feared universally. A lot of time, scientific personnel, expertise and material technology is highly regarded. According to Porterfield, the former Al Qaeda leader released a press statement through the terror group communication cable that he had a nuclear weapon, a sentiment that was disregarded by the U.S state authorities in 2001. For the terror group, the acquisition of WMD is from buying fissionable materials that are used in the manufacturing of the weapons.
The science behind the materials being used is crude. The materials brought together in the manufacture of such goods are uranium, fuel rods and plutonium. Terrorists experience hardships in trying to seek and build the nuclear weapons using these materials. The development of the nuclear bombs involves chemical reactions involving radioactive reactions that pose risky to the terrorist prior hitting their targets.
In addition to the nuclear bombs, other weapons are also highly regarded as WMD and are equally used in terror activities. The equality within the WMD status is due to the futuristic characteristic of large-scale destruction and indiscrimination of their natural effects. In relation to a research program on global security studies by Reed, chemical and biological warfare agents, missile technology, aircraft and ballistic delivery systems are other materials of mass destruction. These materials are an unprecedented constellation that terrorists use in destructing the process of global security. Response towards the usage by the United Stets and other nations has seen the increment of fear over the use of WMDs by terrorists, since the attack in 2001.
c) Potential targets
From recent attacks and follow-up information from the U.S department of defense and terror groups, there is a vivid indication that the United States and its embassies all over other economies are the potential targets of terror attacks. This is due to the declaration of war on the host countries of the terror groups by U.S militia. In addition the marginalization of Islamic religion in the United States is a perception that has for age?s reclaimed revenge from Islam faithful, who claim that it is in accordance with the ill of Allah to fight for their religion through the Jihad war. The possibility of the occurrence of another major terror attack ought to be within the U.S territories or interests. Following the killing of Osama Bin Laden by the United States and the destruction of a major Al Qaeda base in Somalia by Kenyan troops, retaliation attacks are scheduled to enormously hit the two mentioned nations. Surprisingly, in 2001 and 1998 terror attacks were launched upon the U.S and Kenya respectively, causing massive destruction. Consequentially, next terror attacks will proactively depict vengeance and massive utility of WMD. Investigation has attributed these weapons to the production of effects that allegedly spread beyond the targeted areas. Consequentially, the destruction is usually carried out by suicide bombers, clearly conversant with the target areas. Eventually, the entire society and the world suffer terrorist threats and extreme vulnerability resting upon WMD worst-case scenarios of conceivable mass destruction.
d) Forms of attack
The utility of WMD involves the application of several forms of attack such as dissemination, dispersion and detonation.
Working Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
The conducted research is essential in determining the issue affecting U.S homeland security. Significantly, highlighting the possibility of the use of WMD by terrorist will not only raise concern from the United States only, but also to the international community in support of the maintenance of global peace and security. Defense and law enforcement forces also benefit from conducted research to provide more insights from researchers; hence being on the lookout for possible channels of insecurity. Prior arrangement and warning, as well as public awareness are also instilled among the citizens in ensuring that each one play a role in ensuring that state security is enhanced.
Research Design
The research study/proposal conducted in this context is conducted from exploratory designs. Information retrieved is based on incidental happenings from witnessed terrorist activities. From the research, I conducted pertinent and informative inquiries from authors and other preliminary studies conducted by U.S Homeland Security research stake holders. I developed a sufficient comprehension of the problem presented in the study, which is the potentiality of the utilization of WMD in the dawn of another terror attack. The design follows a cyclical nature intended to provide an in-depth comprehension, conceptualization and follow up of coherent protocol in addressing the problem to provide recommendations and evaluations.
Bibliography
Anthony Cordesman, Terrorism Asymmetric Warfare, and Weapons of Mass Destruction, (New York: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002).
Eric Croddy, James Wirtz, Weapons of Mass Destruction, (London: ABC-CLIO, 2005).
Daniel Joyner, International Law and the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, (London: Oxford University Press, 2009).
Jason Porterfield, Terrorism, Dirty Bombs, and Weapons of Mass Destruction, (Chicago: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004).
Reed Laura, Weapons of Mass Destruction, http:// http://www.globalfocus.org/GF-WMDs.htm (accessed on 28 Jan 2013).
Stopa P, Zvonko Orahovec, Technology for Combating WMD Terrorism: Proceedings of the NATO ARW on Technology for Combating WMD Terrorism, (London: Springer, 2004).
Literature Review Paper:
Literature Review
A non-state actor perpetrator can conduct a comprehensible assessment yet it does not stage attack. Some non-state actors have nuclear ambitions and involve themselves directly as the actual perpetrators of terrorist attack. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) have the capacity to inflict destruction and death on a massive scale. The presence of such weapons in the hands of an antagonistic power threatens peace and stability of not only the subject nation but to neighboring countries and the world at large. Modern weapons of mass destruction might fall into any of the three major categories namely biological, chemical or nuclear. The weapons of mass destruction featured prominently during the World War II, particularly in the firebombing of cities such as Tokyo, Japan, and Hamburg, Germany .
Dropping of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima towards the end of the Second World War resulted to death of considerable number of civilians (66, 000). However, radiation injuries resulting from the heat of the single nuclear weapon increased the number of casualties to 140, 000 people by the end of the year. The Soviet Union and United States built stockpiles hosting thousands of nuclear bombs, the artillery shells, and missile warheads. Although the WMD remained unused at the end of the Cold War, the enormous stockpiles showed the level of preparedness of the US and the Soviet Union . Chemical weapons comprised liquids as well as gases that suffocate the victims, upset the central nervous system, blister the skin, and poison the blood. Biological weapons include infectious agents such as fungi, viruses and bacteria. Bursting the biological weapons over a populated area might eventually result in the outbreak of deadly diseases such as plague, anthrax, or smallpox. A study conducted by the US Department of Defense indicates a strong correlation between the country?s participation on international relations and terrorist assault on it .
The assessment might involve a range of states including states with stakes as well as those without interests. Even though countries would work toward realizing peace and stability of their neighbors, it is important for every nation to come on board during the process of charting the destiny of such countries. The short term as well as long-term effects of terrorism affects both the innocent as well as culprits of terror. The Hiroshima incident is a typical case of how destructive an act of terrorist can be to states, countries or a continent at large . Preliminary results indicated that only about 66,000 people lost their lives due to the atomic bomb. However, the number shot up to a whopping 144,000 as thousands other residents of the city succumbed to the harsh effects of the weapon. It is high time countries corporate in the fight against terrorism in entirety.
Terror attacks have devastating and overwhelming effects socially, political, and economically. From the social viewpoint, it is clear that outcomes of terror attack are dire to the physical and psychological development of affected individuals. Apparently, incidents of terror might impair their vision and hearing ability of the victims. The biological, chemical and nuclear weapons have the ability to inflict pain and further damage to the eyesight and the ear thus making it much difficult for the victim to see or comprehend whatever that happens thereafter . The assessment of attack by the terrorist weapon of mass destruction as conducted by the Non-State Actors Perpetrators is a critical as well as significant move. According to researchers in the field of terrorist, any acts of terror require sobriety among the affected states and countries involved in the rescue operations alike. Many countries might end up using terrorist attack as a way of lodging a retaliatory attack against a neighboring state. Economic sanctions bestowed upon such countries together with short term and long term plans to forestall their economies might trigger a retaliatory attack in attempt to redeem its image from imminent collapse .
Several countries have faced countless challenges touching on their future prospects and corporation with their neighbors. Threats that affect the economic, political and social wellbeing of such countries might prompt leaders to initiate a strategy to ensure it redeem itself from immense collapse which might further complicate lives of ordinary citizens. Acts of terror and violence among opposing camps are also responsible for the growth in the level of animosity between nations, especially those allied to the US and the non-allies. The Korean Peninsula is a typical example of how the growing discontent and suspicion among manufacturers of weapons of mass destruction as well as countries that do not manufacture such weapons have further created differences. Such differences have substantial implications economically, socially, and politically. The US together with its allies has discouraged North Korea from making weapons of Mass Destruction. However, the North Korean nation had not been willing to corporate towards shunning its plans to increase the volume of nuclear weapons .
Although South Korea, a neighboring country has welcomed the decision made by the US; the move has further split the Korean Peninsula. In essence, it has become clear North Korea and South Korea have gone ahead to declare war against each other in a move that would further create another impasse. Other reports indicate a looming crisis in the Middle East as Iran is alleged to engage in the manufacture of the Weapons of Mass Destruction. This has further split the Middle East along political and territorial lines . The debate is pitting proponents of the move by Americans to discourage Iran from manufacturing such weapons against Iran supporters and sympathizers. According to many of its sympathizers, plans to manufacture Weapons of Mass Destruction are just a security measure against possible ambush by the neighbors and countries from everywhere. American allies however argue that such efforts as propagated by Iran only serve to create discontent, suspicion and confusion in the Middle East. Some nations may also read mischief and bias in the efforts thus abandoning their plans to provide support to America and its allies in their campaigns .
It is high time countries changed their perceptions and acuity toward their allies and non-allies who involved in the manufacture of Weapons of Mass Destructions. The US, in particular, should change its policies regarding the way it deals with the issue of sudden increase in the number of countries making such weapons. Many countries especially those in the Middle East and Far East have embarked in manufacturing the atomic bombs, nuclear weapons, and chemical weapons among other weapons that endangers life of ordinary people . Imposing sanctions as well as decision to lodge physical attack on deviant countries mat turn to be fatal, US together with its allies should diverse on other strategies that are more binding. These entails holding peace agreements and explaining to those countries the dangers associated with the manufacture of such weapons. To avoid the feeling of bias towards certain countries and leniency towards others, standard international procedure should be in place to determine those with authority and that lack the authority to manufacture the WMD despite their economic and social power.
Bibliography
Brookes, Peter. 2007. A devil's triangle: terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and rogue states. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Cordesman, Anthony H. 2002. Terrorism, asymmetric warfare, and weapons of mass destruction: defending the U.S. homeland. Westport, Conn.
Gurr, Nadine, and Benjamin Cole. 2005. The new face of terrorism: threats from weapons of mass destruction. London: I.B. Tauris
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Defense against Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism, Osman Aytac?, and Mustafa Kibarog?lu. 2009. Defense against weapons of mass destruction terrorism. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Porterfield, Jason. 2005. Terrorism, dirty bombs, and weapons of mass destruction. New York: Rosen Pub. Group
Stewart, Charles E. 2006. Weapons of mass casualties and terrorism response handbook. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett.
