Essay Instructions: 1.Functions of the cardiovascular system
Name the gases,nutrients,waste products and three other substances transported by the blood.
2.Major parts of the heart
Identify and briefly describe the endocardium,myocardium,epicardium(visceral pericardium) parietal pericardium and fibrous pericardium.
Describe the function of the serous membranes that make up the pericardium. Be able to describe and or sketch and label a diagram; or label a diagram;or label a diagram of the heart including: 4 chambers,septum,4 valves and their major characteristics (be able to identify at least 2 names for each),major blood vessels entering and leaving and their origin or destination.
3.Pathway of Blood through the Heart
Be able to describe,or sketch and label a diagram showing the passage of blood through the heart. Indicate if the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated.
4.Measurement of Blood Pressure
Define what is meant by blood pressure(include the terms systolic and diastolic).Identify the normal range of arterial blood pressure.
Use terms:hypertension,hypotension,normotension correctly.
5.Generalised Plan of Blood Vessels
Locate the major arteries and veins and including:
Arteries:aorta,coronary,left and right subclavian, brachiocephalic, right and left common carotid, vertebral, axillary, brachial,radial:
Abdominal aorta,gastric,splenic,celiac,hepatic,renal,mesentric,L&R common iliac,femoral,tibial.
Pulmonary arteries
Veins:tibial,popliteal,femoral,saphenous,L&R common iliac;Inferior vena cava,renal,portal,splenic,hepatic,Brachial,axillary,L subclavian,R brachiocephalic, Sagittal sinus,internal and external jugular, superior vena cava Pulmonary veins.
State a significant difference between pulmonary arteries & veins and the others.
6.Distinction between Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
Compare and contrast the structure of arteries, arterioles,veins and capillaries.Discuss how the difference in structure alters the function.
7.Importance of the hepatic-portal circulation
State why the hepatic arteries are considerably smaller than the hepatic veins.
Identify the portal vein;the organs its drains and its destination.
Identify the role of the liver in modifying this blood.
Name the veins that return this blood into general circulation.
8.Importance of the Cerebral Circulation
Name the major arteries taking blood to the head.
Identify the advantage of a complicated communication of blood supply as in the Circle of Willis.
State why venous sinuses effectively drain blood from the brain.
Name the major veins that drain blood from the head and neck.
9.Conducting system of the Heart
On a diagram trace the pathway of the cardiac conduction system identifying: the sino atrial (SA) node, atrial conducting fibres, the atrioventricular (AV) node, the atrio ventricular bundle (Bundle of His) L&R bundle branches and Purkinje fibres.
10.Parts of a normal electrocardiogram pattern
Identify the P,QRS and T waves on an ECG.
Identify which part of the cardiac cycle occurs during P,QRS and T waves.
11.Cardiac Cycle
Define what is meant by:Atrial systole,ventricular systole and diastole, tachycardia, bradycardia.
12. Relationship of Cardiac Output to Stroke Volume and Heart Rate
State what is meant by stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output.
13. Clinical Investigations of the Heart
State what is meant by:
-Electrocardiogram
-Angiogram
-Auscultation
14.Blood
a)What are the three main functions of blood?
b)What percentage of blood is plasma?
c)What is the function of plasma?
d)What are main constituents of plasma?
e)What are the solid formed elements of blood?
f)Name the different types of white blood cells.
g)What substance found in red blood cells is responsible for oxygen transport?
h)Name the universal blood donor type.
i)Describe the chain of events responsible for haemostasis.
j)Discuss the functions of blood under the following:
Transport;regulation and protection
k)Define anaemia.
l)Identify the most common cause/form of anaemia and discuss why a diet with red meat and green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, capsicums etc, is commonly recommended to those who have it.
m)Identify two other causes of anaemia.
n)Outline the 3 major steps of blood clotting.
o)Describe the differences between A,B,AB and O blood groups.
p)Discuss what is meant by Rh positive and Rh negative.
q)Name the general term used to describe an inherited blood clotting disorder.
r)What are plaque deposits on the walls of blood vessels mainly composed of?
s)Why can polycthaemia potentially cause a heart problem?
