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Essay Instructions: THE SUBJECT OF MY ESSAY IS ? PSEUDOMONAS BACTERIA.
IT IS AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRPAHY - DETAILS BELOW.
MUST USE BRITISH SOURSES AND NO WIKIPEDIA!
MUST BE IN HARVARD WRITING STYLE.

The summative assessment for this module is a 1500 word Annotated Bibliography related to one of the overarching topics covered in the module. I have chosen the topic ?pseudomonas bacteria? under the umbrella of ? Challenges to Healthcare? and then focus in on a specific area of interest that you wish to explore in more depth.
An ?Annotated Bibliography? consists of a list of literature resources where each one is followed by a brief summary and some evaluation. Once created an annotated bibliography becomes a really useful tool. It allows you to quickly identify specific material as you need it when writing up any assignment, report, proposal or research project.
Successful completion of the assessment will demonstrate that you are able to carry out a literature review by completing a literature search and critiquing the information that you have found on your chosen area of interest.
The annotated bibliography plan attached outlines the information you are required to complete for each section, provides the suggested word count for each section and provides an overall plan for the structure of your assignment.
Annotated bibliography ? Plan proforma

SECTION 1 ?
Carry out some background reading in this area and remember to refer back to this to support any statements you make.

a) Write an introduction to summarise the main issues linking the topic you have chosen with radiography or radiotherapy. Here you should also show how you have focussed in on your area of interest from the overarching APP2 topic.

b) Outline how this will aid your professional development.

Approximately 300 words (20 marks)
SECTION 2 ?
Imagine that you are going to write an article or give a presentation on your area of interest to your colleagues.

a) Outline the focus of your article / presentation - what exactly do you want to convey to your readers?

b) Now think of a suitable title for your article / presentation. This should be brief and clearly related to what you want to convey. If possible try to come up with something thought provoking or novel.

Approximately 50 words (5 marks)

SECTION 3 - You now need to carry out a literature search to obtain information about your area of interest and evidence to present to your colleagues.

Before you begin your search:
? Briefly describe and justify the approach that you intend to take; for example which search engines / databases will you explore and why?
? Provide an initial list of key words that you intend to use in your search. This could be presented in a number of ways (e.g. mind map, table, simple list etc.)

As you carry out your search document how you:
? Used / modified your key words.
? Adjusted your search to find a range of appropriate sources. You should have at least ten useable sources.

Briefly comment on the effectiveness of your search and any difficulties that you encountered.

Approximately 400 words (20 marks)

SECTION 4 - Using the sources obtained from your literature search and those used in Section 1 create a bibliography using the Harvard referencing style. Then annotate each entry in your bibliography as follows:

? Indicate whether it is a peer reviewed source.
? Indicate whether it would be a key source or supporting source for your article / presentation.

? Briefly outline the information that you would find useful within this article. This should be done using bullet points (one or two points for a supporting source and up to five for a key source)


Not included in word count (25 marks)

SECTION 5 - Identify the three key sources which added most to your understanding of your area of interest. These should all be peer reviewed sources. For each of these sources:

a) Critique the information it contains.
b) Explain how the information could be used in your article / presentation.
c) Explain how the source has contributed to your understanding.

Approximately 750 words (30 marks)
EXAMPLE FROM LECTURER ON HOW THE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY SHOULD LOOK??..
This is some material from my annotated bibliography for the Open University. I have given the title so that the sources relate to something (and hopefully make sense!).
It this stage it was a work in progress but shows how the justification etc can be done in bullet point form i.e. you don?t need lots of words! The sources were used to create a presentation.
Title:
Justification for the establishment in the UK of a clinical proton therapy facility for the treatment of paediatric malignancies.
Provide full references of the sources you have identified so far. Divide your list into Key Sources and Supporting Sources. In a sentence or two describe the nature of the information provided by each.

Key sources:
Jarlskog, C. Z. and Paganetti, H. (2008) Risk of developing second Cancer from Neutron Dose in Proton Therapy as Function of Field Characteristics, Organ and Patient Age, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, online June 2008.
- Some interesting info on how risk of second cancer is above baseline risk particularly in the young and female. However have not accessed full paper yet and there is a risk of misunderstanding.

Jonas, L., Ekman, M., Ericsson, S., Jonsson, B. and Glimelius, B. (2005) Cost-Effectiveness of Proton Radiation in the Treatment of Childhood Medulloblastoma, Cancer 103: 793-801.
- makes the case that proton therapy can be cost saving in terms of money and quality of life

St. Clair, W.H., Adams J.A., Bues, M., Fullerton, B.C., La Shell, S., Kooy, H.M., Loeffler, J.S. and Tarbell, N.J. (2004) Advantage of Protons Compared to Conventional X-ray or IMRT in the Treatment of a Pediatric Patient with Medulloblastoma, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 58:727-734.
Yock, T., Schneider, R., Friedman, A., Adams, J., Fullerton, B. and Tarbell, N. (2005) Proton Radiotherapy for Rhabdomyosarcoma: Clinical Outcome and a Dosimetric Comparison with Photons, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 63:1161-1168.
- Both of these illustrate advantages of protons and the second has the images I plan to use.

Krengli, M., Hug, E.B., Adams, J.A., Tarbell, N.J.. Smith, A.R. and John, M.E. (2003) Proton Radiation Therapy for Retinoblastoma: Comparison of Various Intraocular Tumour Locations and Beam Arrangements, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 57:(suppl)s.196.
- illustrates advantages as before but this time also examined potential gains in terms of long term sequalae such as good cosmesis and visual function which are not considered in the other papers.

Paganetti, H., Niemierko, O., Ancukiewicz, M., Gerweck, L.E., Gotein, M., Loeffler, J.S. and Suit H.D. (2002) Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) for Proton Beam Radiotherapy, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 53:407-421.
- Questions whether RBE variations are clinically relevant. Therefore backs up argument that advantages of protons are much more to do with the Bragg peak and geometric issues.

Supporting sources:
Greco, C. & Wolden, S. (2007) Current Status of Radiotherapy with Proton and Light Ion Beams, Cancer 109: 1227-38.
- Reviews the current literature and has a section on paediatric issues emphasising the advantages of not irradiating normal tissue for this group.

Souhami, R. and Tobias, J. (2003) (4th ed) Cancer and its Management, Blackwell publishing.
- Standard text useful for background info on paediatric cancers and dangers of treatment.

Suit, H. (2002) The Gray Lecture 2001: Coming Technical Advances in Radiation Oncology, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 53:798-809.
- Good review article assessing advances. Predicted a move to proton therapy which has since happened.

Bruer, H. and Smit, B.J. (2000) Proton Therapy and Radio-Surgery. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
- Graph comparing photon and proton doses at depth.
- Effect of SOBP on peak dose and skin sparing.

Essay Instructions: By this point in the course you have developed a good foundation in the structure of molecules and the functional organization of cells. You will now combine these areas of knowledge to investigate the problem of antibiotic resistance and write a report.

Write your report for a general audience, roughly at the level of an article in the Science Times section of the New York Times. The article should be engaging, accessible, and scientifically accurate. The article must contain a rich amount of scientific information, but scientific terminology and processes that are not common knowledge should be explained in your own words.

Create your own title for the report.

Your report must include one figure with a caption that explains the figure. You can use the figures in the textbook chapters as a guide for how to write a figure caption. The figure should be chosen from your research as a visual tool for explaining an important point in your report. You must include the source of your figure as one of your references in the bibliography.
Examples of suitable figures include (but are not limited to):
The molecular structure of an antibiotic drug
A figure showing how bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance
A map showing the scope of an antibiotic-resistant infection.

In the final paragraph that concludes your report, describe one or two things from your research that you found most interesting about the topic of antibiotic resistance.

Citations and Bibliography
• Throughout your report, use numbered in-text citations ??" e.g., (1) ??" to refer to your sources. Conclude your paper with a bibliography of 3 ??" 5 references from reliable sources. You can use the articles provided in class, but you must have at least three additional sources for your report. If you use an internet source, provide the URL AND the name of the organization or person who posted the information. For example:
(1) www.cdc.gov/tb/ Tuberculosispage,CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention

Useful Questions
You have flexibility with designing the structure and content of your report. In fact, the best reports are ones in which you can devise creative ways to convey the scientific concepts within an interesting context. Here are some questions to keep in mind as you perform your research and write your report:
• What types of bacteria have developed antibiotic resistance? Which diseases do these bacteria cause?
• Why is antibiotic resistance a cause for concern among scientists and doctors? What are some of the health impacts of drug-resistant bacteria?
• How do bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics? What types of strategies are used by bacteria to evade the killing effect of antibiotics?
• What techniques and tools are being developed by scientists to develop new types of antibiotics? Are these new approaches working or are they not?
• Why do drug companies consider the development of new antibiotics to be an unattractive option compared to investing in other drugs?

Essay Instructions: I am looking for the writer to aid in the writing and research of this Annotated Bibliography.

The summative assessment for this module is a 1500 word Annotated Bibliography related to one of the overarching topics covered in the module. You will choose a topic and then focus in on a specific area of interest that you wish to explore in more depth.
My chosen topic is Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - A nosocomial bacteria.
Under the heading ? Challenges to healthcare.

An ?Annotated Bibliography? consists of a list of literature resources where each one is followed by a brief summary and some evaluation. Once created an annotated bibliography becomes a really useful tool. It allows you to quickly identify specific material as you need it when writing up any assignment, report, proposal or research project.
Successful completion of the assessment will demonstrate that you are able to carry out a literature review by completing a literature search and critiquing the information that you have found on your chosen area of interest.
The annotated bibliography plan attached outlines the information you are required to complete for each section, provides the suggested word count for each section and provides an overall plan for the structure of your assignment.

Section 1 Select a topic covered in Academic & Professional Practice 2 that is of interest to you. For example:
? Inter Professional Working
? Health Inequalities
? Changing Professional Roles
? Challenges to healthcare

Carry out some background reading in this area and remember to refer back to this to support any statements you make.
a) Write an introduction to summarise the main issues linking the topic you have chosen with radiography or radiotherapy. Here you should also show how you have focussed in on your area of interest from the overarching APP2 topic.

b) Outline how this will aid your professional development.


My Chosen topic is ? Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - Nosocomial Bacteria
The over arching topic is CHALLENGES TO HEALTHCARE.


WHEN WRITING ABOUT THIS SECTION - DO NOT BE TOO SPECIFIC.
Give a brief outline of the Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (P.A) bacterial then explain why this topic is not a new healthcare challenge.
- It?s not new because bacteria such as Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, MRSA. C- Diff have been around for YEARS but the NHS is still battling against it and hasn?t solved it.
- Look at it from the point of view of hospital acquired infection?. (possibly citing some statistics)
- How do we tackle Hospital acquired infections.
- Where are you coming from, from a challenges point of view.
- A couple of lines explaining what the ?Challenges are to the healthcare?.
- Link hand washing (as this is one of the main challenges) to radiography. (I?ll do section 1b, which is the reflective part)
This section only needs 250 words. And MUST BE REFERENCED
These documents might be of help?..

http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/preventive-care/how-to-prevent-viral-infections8.htm

http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/Supplement_1/S139.full.pdf

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-16645957

Section 2 You now need to carry out a literature search to obtain information about your area of interest and evidence to present to your colleagues.
Before you begin your search:
? Briefly describe and justify the approach that you intend to take; for example which search engines / databases will you explore and why?
? Provide an initial list of key words that you intend to use in your search. This could be presented in a number of ways (e.g. mind map, table, simple list etc.)

As you carry out your search document how you:
? Used / modified your key words.
? Adjusted your search to find a range of appropriate sources. You should have at least ten useable sources.

Briefly comment on the effectiveness of your search and any difficulties that you encountered.

Approximately 400 words (20 marks)

PLEASE MAKE SURE THAT YOU GET AS UP TO DATE ARTICLES AS POSSIBLE ? ALSO THEY NEED TO BE UK BASED. IF YOU ARE INTENDING ON USING MATERIAL FROM ABROAD THEN YOU NEED TO EXPLAIN ?WHY?
FOR THIS EXERCISE I WOULD LIKE YOU TO US MY UNIVERSITIES SEARCH ENGINE ?SUMMONDS?
THIS IS THE LINK TO IT:
http://bcu.summon.serialssolutions.com/
ALL YOU NEED TO DO IS TYPE IN YOUR WORD SEARCHES, OR PHRASES. VERY SIMULAR TO GOOGLE. SHOULD YOU HAVE ANY DIFFICULTY IN ACCESSING THEN PLEASE GET IN CONTACT.

Section 3 Using the sources obtained from your literature search and those used in Section 1 create a bibliography using the Harvard referencing style. Then annotate each entry in your bibliography as follows:

? Indicate whether it is a peer reviewed source.
? Indicate whether it would be a key source or supporting source for your article / presentation.

? Briefly outline the information that you would find useful within this article. This should be done using bullet points (one or two points for a supporting source and up to five for a key source)


Not included in word count (25 marks)

THIS SHOULD NOT BE TOO DIFFICULT AS YOU WILL HAVE READ DOCUMENTS AS YOU DID THE SEARCH IN SECTION 2.
Section 4 Identify the three key sources which added most to your understanding of your area of interest. These should all be peer reviewed sources. For each of these sources:
a) Critique the information it contains.
b) Explain how the information could be used in your article / presentation.
c) Explain how the source has contributed to your understanding.

Approximately 750 words (30 marks)

THE 3 KEY SOURCES MUST BE PEER REVIEWED.
THIS ESSAY DOES NOT NEED TO BE COMPLETED UNTIL THE 31ST DEC. SO I AM GIVING THE WRITER THE MAXIMUM TIME ALLOCATED ON THE WEB SITE IN ORDER FOR A COMPREHENSIVE PAPER TO BE WRITTEN.
I AM A 2ND YEAR RADIOGRAPHY STUDENT AND THIS LANGUAGE USED IN THIS PAPER SHOULD REFLECT SO!

Essay Instructions: Paper organization ??" introduction, history, description of organism, current research, summary.

include:
a description of the organism and its habitat
historical information regarding the organism and its discovery
physiological properties that are of interest
environmental applications and benefit to society
current research regarding this microorganism
Example: The recent oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has brought attention to other spills, including those in Colorado. Your representative wants to know more about the ?oil eating bacteria? that s/he has heard about in the media.
6. References listed in the References section. Guidelines for authors per American Society for Microbiology. http://aem.asm.org/misc/journal-ita_org.dtl#03
The References section must include all journal articles (both print and online), books and book chapters (both print and online), patents, theses and dissertations, published conference proceedings, meeting abstracts from published abstract books or journal supplements, letters (to the editor), and company publications, as well as in-press journal articles, book chapters, and books (publication title must be given). As we use the citation-name reference style, arrange the citations in alphabetical order (letter by letter, ignoring spaces and punctuation) by first-author surname and number consecutively. Provide the names of all the authors for each reference. All listed references must be cited parenthetically by number in the text. Since title and byline information that is downloaded from PubMed does not always show accents, italics, or special characters, authors should refer to the PDF files or hard-copy versions of the articles and incorporate the necessary corrections in the submitted manuscript. Abbreviate journal
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names according to the PubMed Journals Database (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), the primary source for ASM style, but use periods on abbreviated words.
Follow the styles shown in the examples below for print references.
1. Alexander, T. W., L. J. Yanke, E. Topp, M.E. Olson, R. R. Read, D. W. Morck, and T. A. McAllister. 2008. Effect of subtherapeutic administration of antibiotics on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli bacteria in feedlot cattle. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:4405-4416.
2. Cox, C. S., B. R. Brown, and J. C. Smith. J. Gen. Genet., in press.* {Article title is optional; journal title is mandatory.}
3. da Costa, M. S., M. F. Nobre, and F. A. Rainey. 2001. Genus I. Thermus Brock and Freeze 1969, 295,AL emend. Nobre, Trüper and da Costa 1996b, 605, p. 404-414. In D. R. Boone, R. W. Castenholz, and G. M. Garrity (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd ed., vol. 1. Springer, New York, NY.
4. Elder, B. L., and S. E. Sharp. 2003. Cumitech 39, Competency assessment in the clinical laboratory. Coordinating ed., S. E. Sharp. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
5. Falagas, M. E., and S. K. Kasiakou. 2006. Use of international units when dosing colistin will help decrease confusion related to various formulations of the drug around the world. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50:2274-2275. (Letter.) {"Letter" or "Letter to the editor" is allowed but not required at the end of such an entry.}
6. Fitzgerald, G., and D. Shaw. In A. E. Waters (ed.), Clinical microbiology, in press. EFH Publishing Co., Boston, MA.* {Chapter title is optional.}
7. Forman, M. S., and A. Valsamakis. 2003. Specimen collection, transport, and processing: virology, p. 1227-1241. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, M. A. Pfaller, J. H. Jorgensen, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of clinical microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
8. Garcia, C. O., S. Paira, R. Burgos, J. Molina, J. F. Molina, and C. Calvo. 1996. Detection of salmonella DNA in synovial membrane and synovial fluid from Latin American patients. Arthritis Rheum. 39(Suppl.):S185. {Meeting abstract published in journal supplement.}
9. Green, P. N., D. Hood, and C. S. Dow. 1984. Taxonomic status of some methylotrophic bacteria, p. 251-254. In R. L. Crawford and R. S. Hanson (ed.), Microbial growth on C1 compounds. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
10. Odell, J. C. April 1970. Process for batch culturing. U.S. patent 484,363,770. {Include the name of the patented item/process if possible; the patent number is mandatory.}
11. O'Malley, D. R. 1998. Ph.D. thesis. University of California, Los Angeles, C.A. {Title is optional.}
12. Rotimi, V. O., N. O. Salako, E. M. Mohaddas, and L. P. Philip. 2005. Abstr. 45th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. D-1658. {Abstract title is optional.}
13. Smith, D., C. Johnson, M. Maier, and J. J. Maurer. 2005. Distribution of fimbrial, phage and plasmid associated virulence genes among poultry Salmonella enterica serovars, abstr. P-038, p. 445. Abstr. 105th Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. {Abstract title is optional.}
14. Stratagene. 2006. Yeast DNA isolation system: instruction manual. Stratagene, La Jolla, CA. {Use the company name as the author if none is provided for a company publication.}
Online references must provide essentially the same information that print references do. For online journal articles, posting or revision dates may replace the year of publication, and a DOI or URL may be provided in addition to or in lieu of volume and page numbers. Some examples follow.
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1. Charlier, D., and N. Glansdorff. September 2004, posting date. Chapter 3.6.1.10, Biosynthesis of arginine and polyamines. In R. Curtiss III et al. (ed.), EcoSal??"Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. http://www.ecosal.org/. {Note that each chapter has its own posting date.}
2. Dionne, M. S., and D. S. Schneider. 2002. Screening the fruitfly immune system. Genome Biol. 3:REVIEWS1010. http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/4/reviews/1010.
3. Smith, F. X., H. J. Merianos, A. T. Brunger, and D. M. Engelman. 2001. Polar residues drive association of polyleucine transmembrane helices. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:2250-2255. doi:10.1073/pnas..
4. Winnick, S., D. O. Lucas, A. L. Hartman, and D. Toll. 2005. How do you improve compliance? Pediatrics 115:e718-e724.
There are faxes for this order.