Geography Book Overviews Term Paper

Geography

Livingstone's Geographical Tradition -- Should the history of geography be rated X

This is the first intellectual history of a subject that over the last five centuries has played a significant role in the development of Western civilization. The author describes the activities of the explorers and map-makers of Renaissance and early modern Europe; the role of geography during the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment and the Darwinian Revolution; and the interactions between geography and empire building in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Throughout the book the development of geographical thought and practice is portrayed against the broader social and intellectual context of the times.

Since 1945 activity in the subject has been intense: David Livingstone provides a critical account of the trends, developments and occasional revolutions by which geography has emerged as a multi-faceted discipline offering unique and revealing perspectives on a wide range of pressing social and environmental issues. Livingstone identifies three key themes run through geographic studies.

1. The need for an explicit philosophical basis for investigations in both physical and human geography.

2. The way in which apparently simple decisions about how to undertake investigations in physical and human geography can lead to very different conclusions.

3. The recognition that almost all geographical investigation is surrounded by uncertainty and debate.

As for the X-rating, any study of man, and their desires for expand and conquer new areas, civilizations, or cultures as part of their own expansion is replete with human drama, and at times severe exploitation of one group by another. The study of geography without taking into account the human desires for power and control created an incomplete understanding of the motivations contained within the geographic shifts.

D Massey's Human Geography Today -- Issues and Debates

With its concern for space, place and nature -- human geography has moved to the center of much theoretical debate in the social sciences and humanities. Moreover, the exchange has been two-way -- the study of human geography has itself increasingly welcomed the importation of work from other study disciplines.This book takes up the promise and challenge of this new-found prominence and openness and explores the future for the discipline.

Massey's book brings together a range of internationally recognized authors, all of whom have explored this new interface, and each of whom here proposes future directions for their part of the discipline. The increasingly challenged dichotomy between the social and the natural is examined at length. The meaning and significance of the geographical imagination, the increasing prominence of debates over difference and identity and their relationship to spatial issues are working together to change the way geographers evaluate the use of space, land, and ecological resources. The issues concerning recognizing the thoroughly mutual constitution of spatiality and power, and how we might in these changing times most productively re-imagine space and place themselves. Since the other Seminole books written in this area in the late 70's and 80's, Human Geography offers an assessment of the state of the study in the late 1990s and its future directions. This text explores the developments and themes that have put the discipline at the heart of a number of important debates.

Geography and Geographers -- R.J. Johnston.

According to Johnston, the study of geography and those who evaluate the principles of geography, the geographers work in cloistered communities. Within the discipline, there is a strong peer pressure for conformity because the group maintains many of the same ideas, goals, and presumptions and is working toward the same conclusions. The scientific community's paradigm is rather homogeneous, and anyone working outside that paradigm, or who would introduce a new theory is considered a heretic, or radical within the field until his work is verified by others. Working within the designed structure brings attention, recognition, patronage, status and ultimately success. Therefore, the dominant norm for academic life is one of conformity. According to Johnston, "Science is not the constant search….....