DNA in the Criminal Justice System Research Paper

DNA in Criminal Justice System

DNA in the Criminal Justice System -- DNA as Evidence

Justice and Science

Sources of DNA at Crime Scene

Evidence Collection

DNA Evidence on Trial

DNA Matching

This paper addresses the use of DNA in criminal justice system. The research paper will cover the usage of DNA as evidence. The importance of DNA in any criminal case as forensic evidence will be discussed through case studies. The role of DNA in court rooms will also be discussed and it will also cover the role of DNA in making a case stronger for the victim. Advantages and disadvantages of DNA as evidence and DNA testing are also discussed in the paper.

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is considered as one of the building blocks of the human body because it is present in the nuclei of the cell. Genes are the hereditary material of human beings present in their DNA. Estimated amount of genes in a human body is 20,000 to 25,000 genes. Every human has two copies of every gene, one of which is inherited from parents. Less than 1% of the total number of genes is marginally different between every human being; which forms the basis of DNA analysis and parenting tests. Due to the uniqueness of DNA, it is very useful if examined at a crime scene. The two common methods for identifying and describing DNA Are Restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) and STR i.e. Short tandem repeat profiling (Dr. Mandal, 2012). In this paper we will discuss the use of DNA as evidence; its significance and essentiality

Justice and Science

Fingerprints were considered to be the most important tool for law enforcement. But the use of fingerprints is in few cases in which the criminal leaves prints on the crime scene. There were other tests used for investigation like hypnosis, voiceprints and gunpowder residue on gun. But now, the science has helped the judicial system to ensure complete surety about crimes through DNA in many cases (Clarke, 2007).

Sources of DNA at Crime Scene

There are many sources of DNA at a crime scene.Blood found on clothing items can be easily processed in the laboratory. Properly preserved semen can be an excellent source of DNA. Clothing items and hair are also a source of DNA (Gahn, 2005). All of these sources are valuable only if they are preserved properly and shipped to the testing lab safely.

Evidence Collection

Collection of evidence is a very critical matter. Law enforcement personnel should to be very careful while collecting evidence from a crime scene. Valuable DNA evidence can be found throughout the crime scene like biological matter on clothes, door knobs and sheets. If these evidence items are collected and stored prudently, then they can be tested for DNA and could prove valuable for the trial. Heat, humidity sunlight and bacteria can degrade DNA very quickly therefore it is very essential to take necessary precautions while collecting DNA. Potential DNA evidence should be stored in paper bags rather than plastic bags. Properly stored evidence have had yielded much better results in the court rooms (Gahn, 2005).

DNA Evidence on Trial

In 1987, the first DNA testing was done on a double rape and murder in Narborough, England. Initially the DNA test ruled out the initial suspect, Colin Pitchfork because he switched blood samples with his friend. But someone heard the friend talk about the switch and original blood sample of Colin was tested and hence he was proven guilty (Cohen, 2003). DNA testing has improved a lot over the 20 years but still mistakes can be made which can mislead the trial. American Society of Crime Laboratory Accreditation on Board in Garner, NC says that 4240 out of 400 to 500 labs are fully equipped with DNA testing but 25 are still seeking accreditation (Briody, 2004).

In Hanover Park case, DNA of Steven B. Sower was used to prove him guilty of sexual assault of a 10-year-old girl outside Glendale Heights elementary School in July. In another case, in Naperville, police used the DNA to charge Richard g. Hess Jr. with murder and aggravated criminal sexual assault of a 23-year-old Nicole Kornely in December.....