Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Another important thing is that the biological basis of the relationship that exists between the child and the parent would also be a basis for child support obligations. In a situation where the biological father of the child who had sexual interactions with the mother of the child just once and never did have any relationship with the mother or the child, the father should have child support obligations on the basis of being the biological father of the child Kargman, 1983()
In a scenario where a same sex partner who has no biological relationship with the child nor legal relationship with the child or their mother but had a long-term emotional relationship with both, should the couple split up, the partner would have child support obligations as a result of the child relying on the partner for provision of his/her needs Meyer & Bartfeld, 1996.
This is based on the estoppel theory.
In a different scenario where one same-sex partner serves as the egg donor but the other partner carries the embryo to term, should the couple split up and the egg donor retain custody, the other partner would still have child support obligations since they are biologically related to the child by virtue of carrying the pregnancy to term. In another scenario where conception is accomplished in vitro and the resultant embryo implanted in the mother against the wishes of the father, when the couple splits up, the father would not have child support obligations since the father was against the implantation in the first place. Since the parents had a choice not to implant the baby, the baby was implanted against the will of the father therefore it would not be right to force them to pay child support Bartfeld, 2003(; Lin & McLanahan, 2007)
Conclusion
Child support obligations were traditionally based on the biological relationship existing between the parents and the child. However, currently, the social relationship between the parent and the child also plays a huge role. This is what is dictated in the equitable doctrine...
(2003). Falling through the Cracks: Gaps in Child Support among Welfare Recipients. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(1), 72-89.
Carlson, M., Garfinkel, I., McLanahan, S., Mincy, R., & Primus, W. (2004). The Effects of Welfare and Child Support Policies on Union Formation. Population Research and Policy Review, 23(5/6), 513-542.
Garfinkel, I., & Lanahan, S.M. (1990). The Effects of the Child Support Provisions of the Family Support Act of 1988 on Child Well-Being. Population Research and Policy Review, 9(3), 205-234.
Harknett, K., & Knab, J. (2007). More Kin, Less Support: Multipartnered Fertility and Perceived Support among Mothers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(1), 237-253.
Huang, C.-C., Mincy, R.B., & Garfinkel, I. (2005). Child Support Obligations and Low-Income Fathers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5), 1213-1225.
Jason, DH (2002). Stepparenting after Divorce: Stepparents' Legal Position regarding Custody, Access, and Support. Family Relations, 51(4), 301-307.
Kargman, M.W. (1983). Stepchild Support Obligations of Stepparents. Family Relations, 32(2), 231-238.
Lin, I.F., & McLanahan, S.S. (2007). Parental Beliefs about Nonresident Fathers' Obligations and Rights. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(2), 382-398.
Meyer, D.R., & Bartfeld, J. (1996). Compliance with Child Support Orders in Divorce Cases. Journal of Marriage and Family, 58(1), 201-212.
Pirog-Good, M.A. (1993). Child Support Guidelines and the Economic Well-Being of Children in the United States. Family Relations, 42(4), 453-462.
Pirog-Good, M.A., & Brown, P.R. (1996). Accuracy and Ambiguity in the Application of State Child Support Guidelines. Family Relations, 45(1), 3-10.
Stirling, K., & Aldrich, T. (2008). Child Support: Who Bears the Burden? Family Relations, 57(3), 376-389.
In order to promote adequate milk production, pacifiers and supplementary liquids should be avoided for the first six months. An oversupply of milk can make feedings difficult for the mother and infant, and this should be remedied promptly. Offering only one breast per feeding and lengthening the feeding time can help, as can reducing milk volume before feedings by hand expressing. Breast engorgement can occur within the first few
In the case of breast augmentation, the parent must guide the minor to the right decision -- and that is usually not to have the surgery unless it is necessary for the teen's overall health. It is up to the adult to think responsibly. There are dangers to any surgery and infections are not among the least of them. Perhaps low self-esteem is a reason for counseling by a
66). Furthermore, social software will only increase in importance in helping organizations maintain and manage their domains of knowledge and information. When networks are enabled and flourish, their value to all users and to the organization increases as well. That increase in value is typically nonlinear, where some additions yield more than proportionate values to the organization (McCluskey and Korobow, 2009). Some of the key characteristics of social software applications
Adolescent Substance Use Screening Instruments: 10-Year Critical Review of the Research Literature Over ten million teenagers in the United States admit in a national survey that they drink alcohol, although it is illegal under the age of 21 in all states. In some studies, nearly one-quarter of school-age children both smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol. Over four thousand adolescents every day try marijuana for the first time. The dangers of use,
S. On the one hand, this has been a continuous process. "it is currently estimated that 31 million people live in food insecure households, meaning that at some time during the previous year, they were unable to acquire of were uncertain of having enough food to meet basic needs due to inadequate household resources." (Siefert et al.171) There are additional figures that indicate "poverty on the rise -- the United
The question is, how does one decide which path is more beneficial? John Stuart Mill in Utilitarianism in the Philosophy of J.S. Mill, raised similar concerns when he stated: "…any, even unintentional, deviation from truth does that much toward weakening the truth-worthiness of human assertion, which is not only the principal of all present social well-being but the insufficiency of which does more than any one thing that can be named