Courage, the ability to face danger or hardship without showing fear, may have subtly different meanings in various cultures, but it is universally viewed as a virtue. Courageous people, e.g., those who show bravery in wars and battles are honored by their nations, communities and even enemies through medals, rewards and praise. Most heroes in history built their reputation due to the extra-ordinary courage shown by them in the face of adversity. Cowardice, on the other hand, is almost unanimously considered to be a vice and cowardly people are commonly derided as chicken-hearted, gutless, and "yellow."

Some people distinguish between "physical courage" and "moral courage" although both types of courage are usually present side by side. For example, Martin Luther King Jr. may be categorized as possessing "moral" courage as he took an unflinching moral stand against racial discrimination. However, King could not have been morally courageous if he was a physical coward, since he had to face physical danger due to his moral views -- ultimately proved by his assassination. Another example of the culmination of physical and moral courage in recent history is the boxer Muhammad Ali. He had the courage of conviction to refuse fighting a war he considered unjust (the Vietnam War) at the risk of considerable loss to himself

. He also displayed unmatched physical courage in subsequent fights against fearsome boxers such as George Foreman and Joe Frazier, and continues to display the same trademark courage in the face of Parkinson's disease.

Courage in modern day society is as valid as it was in ancient times. It is no doubt one of the noblest of human qualities and needs to be applauded even more in an increasingly materialistic world.

2. Advertisement in City

Advertisement, the paid communication by which information about the product or idea is transmitted to potential consumers, has become one of the most ubiquitous symbols...

It confronts us at almost every step in our everyday lives -- from the moment we wake up and look at the morning's newspaper to the time we go to sleep after watching a late-night movie on the TV. Its presence in the city is particularly overwhelming.
When the vast majority of people started to live in urban centers as a result of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century, the event was the most radical change in human lives since the time they learned to cultivate crops in preference to hunting / gathering. Since then, cities have not only grown horizontally but vertically as well. As a result, more human beings now live in concentrated areas of mega-cities than ever before. It is, therefore, only natural for the advertisers to concentrate their efforts on the city dwellers.

The main objectives of advertising are to communicate information about a particular product, service, or brand, and persuade people to buy the product. In cities, almost all forms of advertising known to man are employed, i.e., through television, radio and cinema ads, billboards, neon signs, sides of buses, taxicab doors, blimps, and even skywriting. Over the years, advertisers have proceeded to use any and every inch of space available in the cities to keep the product in the public eye.

Advertisement in the cities of most industrialized countries has now become so pervasive that many people consider them an eyesore and a violation of their civil rights. Organizations such as Ad-busters have been formed that demand restrictions and taxes on advertisement. They, however, are fighting a losing battle as advertisement is the all-important "fuel" that drives capitalism and its natural corollary -- consumerism.

3. Future of Television

Television is the most common form of communication in the world today. Besides, being the major form of home entertainment and source of information, it is also used as…